Decoding Apples Balance Sheet Apa Format Essay Example for Free

Deciphering Apples Balance Sheet Apa Format Essay Deciphering Apples Balance Sheet In March of 2009, Apple had its best March quarter income and profit in Apple history (Apple). So as to perceive how this happened, it is imperative to investigate the fiscal summaries of Apple. There is a ton of data accessible to financial specialists who are keen on putting resources into an organization. By taking a gander at the asset report of Apple I will decide whether putting resources into Apple is a smart thought or a poorly conceived notion. A few things I will consider are Apple’s resources, liabilities, and shareholder’s value. These territories should give me understanding to how the best quarter in Apple history became. Taking a gander at the present resources of Apple, money and money counterparts went down from 11. 8 billion dollars to 4. 4 billion dollars. This may take a gander from the start, however the entirety of different resources must be added to this so as to get a general image of the benefits. Transient attractive protections went up from 10. 2 billion dollars to 20. 5 billion dollars. This aided Apple’s resources develop immensely. Records receivable tumbled to 1. 9 billion dollars from 2. 4 billion dollars. With the remainder of the present resources figured in, inventories, conceded charge resources, and other current resources, the absolute current resources rose to 33. billion dollars from 32. 3 billion dollars. That was an ascent of 1. 5 billion dollars (Apple). It is critical to consider the remainder of the advantages. For instance, long haul attractive protections rose 1. 5 billion dollars, property, plant and gear rose 0. 91 billion dollars, generosity remained the equ ivalent, gained elusive resources fell 0. 017 billion dollars, and different resources rose 0. 56 billion dollars. Since we realize how every advantage was influenced during this quarter, we go to the last numbers, which are all out resources rose 3. 6 billion dollars. Apple developed its advantages considerably during this quarter. I would figure Apple would be a decent organization to put resources into. Before I settled on any choices I would examine the monetary record further so as to contrast liabilities and shareholder’s value and the past quarter. This will give me a superior comprehension of the money related circumstance of the organization (Apple). Current liabilities are in the primary area of liabilities and shareholder’s value. The accompanying records are present liabilities and how they fared. Records payable went down from 5. 5 billion dollars to 3. 9 billion dollars. Collected costs went down 1 billion dollars. Conceded income went up from 4. 8 billion dollars to 7 billion dollars. The complete change in current liabilities was a diminishing of 0. 4 billion dollars. The other two liabilities classifications, conceded income (non-current) and other non-current liabilities, rose all in all 0. 7 billion dollars. This gives the complete liabilities an ascent of 0. 3 billion dollars. This sum contrasted with current resources isn't as critical. So far Apple is as yet resembling a wise speculation in light of the fact that the advantages of Apple rose 1. 5 billion dollars though their liabilities just rose 0. 4 billion dollars. It is presently an ideal opportunity to investigate the last classification of the asset report, the shareholder’s value (Apple). The estimation of investors value, basic stock, rose from 7. 1 billion dollars to 7. 6 billion dollars. Held profit additionally rose; it rose from 13. 8 billion dollars to 16. 6 billion dollars. Gathered other far reaching salary rose . 07 billion dollars. Complete shareholder’s value rose 3. 3 billion dollars. So including the ascent of 0. 4 billion dollars in liabilities with the 3. 3 billion dollar ascent of the shareholder’s value, we get a similar sum, 3. 7 billion dollars, as we got for the ascent in all out resources.

Life is like a box of chocolates Essay

From the start the statement ‘life resembles a crate of chocolates seems’ rather senseless. How could such a huge and convoluted idea, for example, life be contrasted with something as little and basic as a container of chocolates? There have been two restricting perspectives with respect to the significance of this statement, and every perspective comes to fruition by an alternate investigation of what life and chocolates speak to just as what they mean in today’s world. The end to the inquiry can just come to fruition through a careful assessment of the statement itself alongside its potential entailments to perceive what the two gatherings of individuals consider significant and what they decide to overlook. The two contentions appear to function admirably to counter the other and show the imperfections in the different explanation’s hypothesis. As per the World Book Encyclopedia, life is ‘a state, presence, or rule of presence considered as having a place with the soul.’ Most individuals, when examined regarding life would not have a reasonable or succinct answer since life isn't something that is entirely substantial. As a rule life is viewed as everything that happens to an individual from the second they are destined to the second beyond words. The entirety of their associations with the world and the entirety of their considerations and activities. There doesn't appear to be any arrangement or request to these occasions, simply everything that occurs. Everything. Life is a long procedure with great, awful and unconcerned focuses. As per the World Book Encyclopedia, a crate is ‘a holder, ordinarily with four firm sides, a base, and a cover to pack or put things in,’ and chocolate is ‘a substance made by broiling and granulating cacao seeds.’ A case of chocolates would coherently be a compartment which holds cacao items. A logical analyzation of a container of chocolates would show a crate (normally rectangular or heart molded) loaded up with somewhere in the range of one to many little, separately wrapped chocolates. Generally the kind of chocolate and the filling of every individual shifts inside a given bundle. In America nonetheless, a crate of chocolates implies significantly more then this straightforward expansion of definitions and a direct visual examination would persuade. A container of chocolates, in our referent framework, is an image. It by and large symbolizesâ love, and through metonymy, has been made to mean love. At the point when an endowment of a case of chocolates is given on Valentine’s Day, it more than represents love, it really implies love. The implications have gotten obscured throughout the years as chocolate has become a standard blessing. It's anything but a unique idea to give somebody chocolate, however progressively a methods for demonstrating love. Not a demonstration of adoration, yet simply a statement of affection. The principal gathering of individuals for the most part finish the comparison ‘life resembles a container of chocolates’ with the end ‘you never recognize what you’re going to get.’ This gathering sees all the implications of life and of the case of chocolates and saw the best arrangement as that both throughout everyday life, and in chocolates, there is arbitrariness and an absence of request. At the point when an individual leaves the front entryway of his home on a Monday morning, its absolutely impossible for him to know whether he is going to locate a hundred dollar greenback tucked under his mat, or a huge meteor that has fallen and squashed his vehicle. It’s difficult to know whether daily will be a decent day or a terrible day, you simply realize that it will be a day. Similar remains constant for eating a crate of chocolates. At the point when you open a container of chocolates, there are columns of non-separated chocolates. They all appear to be identical, but then you realize some are loaded up with cream, some with caramel and some with coconut. At the point when you get one, much like when the man opens his front entryway, it is highly unlikely of knowing whether you will get a decent chocolate (cream) or a terrible chocolate (coconut), you simply know you’ll get a chocolate. For the two models it won't be anything but difficult to discern whether it was fortunate or unfortunate until the chocolate, or the day, has been finished. No one can really tell what will occur. The second gathering of individuals for the most part finish the likeness ‘life resembles a case of chocolates’ with the end ‘a negligent careless blessing that no one truly wants.’ This gathering takes up a contradicting examination and says that the significant piece of chocolates isn't the haphazardness of them inside the bundle, yet rather the image that individuals don’t truly think throughout everyday life, except rather simply proceed as they are relied upon to. Since chocolates have come to mean love, individuals not, at this point do innovative things to communicate their affection. They basic purchase chocolates. When the chocolates are conveyed, at that point what. Individuals don’t really need the chocolates, they need the affection. Since the chocolatesâ have accepted the importance of adoration, the chocolates themselves go to squander. Who needs to eat their adoration? Rather than being eaten promptly, as chocolates are really proposed to be, they are appeared to companions and family members, and in the long run put on a rack or in a bureau. They will get eaten in the event that somebody shows want, yet it’s not significant. Under this translation, life is futile and simply for appear. Individuals don’t do things since it is the thing that they feel that they should, individuals do things since they are required to (similarly as the sweetheart is relied upon to give chocolate). It is smarter to set up a grand veneer, at that point to be valid and legitimate to the individuals around you.

How to Use Google Trends

How to Use Google Trends WHAT GOOGLE TRENDS DOESGoogle Trends works as a simple version of Google’s analytics tools. Its primary function is to gather and compare the searches that people make all over the world. The data is then broken down into different categories. It can also be viewed through different filters. The only information you need to use Google Trends are the keywords that you incorporate into your own marketing strategy. All you need to do is enter these terms into Google Trends’ search box. From there you will be able to choose the appropriate filter required to get the data you need. The following list contains all of the different ways that you can view Google’s analytic information on Google Trends.Keyword Trends: Google Trends helps researchers understand keyword trends. You can enter up to five search terms at a time in each search. Google Trends will then respond with a graph showing you how popular each term is. This features helps you understand the kind of language used by you r target audience.Seasonal Trends: The seasonal trends graphs are ideal for those planning an editorial calendar. Anyone who creates content for the Internet knows that it is best to create content that will fit in with what their customers are interested in seasonally. This is an essential tool for publishing content that is topical for your target audience. When the content is topical, consumers are more likely to engage.Regional Trends: Viewing the regional trends for each search term helps prevent you from making inaccurate assumptions about your target audience’s interests. Instead of making broad assumptions about a large audience, you can use this tool to see how and when each search term is used in geographic locations. You can get a comparative view of these regional trends across several countries or even across specific US states.Related Trends: Google Trends also offers users the ability to view related trends. This feature is another great tool to see what different k inds of languages your audience uses. This allows you to cast a broader net and include search terms that are relevant to your own primary keywords.Top Trends: Google will also display the trends according to their prevalence. You can enter a search term to see where it ranks in overall searches. You can also simply view the top searches category to see the overall top searches on Google.Rising Trends: Google also categorizes keywords according to how quickly they grow. You can enter a search term and Google will present you with a graph showing you how much growth it achieved during the time period you selected. The growth is demonstrated in percentages. If the search term has recently exploded in popularity, Google will suggest that it is a “breakout” keyword.Local Trends: Google will automatically show you a global search history when you enter a search term into Google Trends. While this information is valuable in that it establishes that you are using the right keywords, it is not very interesting. To get real information about your local area or another small demographic, you can use Google Trends to zoom in on both towns and metropolitan areas. This enables small businesses to see real data about what people in their area are searching for.Hot Searches: Hot searches keep you up to date with what people in a certain geographic area are searching for. This is a great way to see what current events people are engaging with. You can view these searches by country. Google will also give you a rough estimate of the number of searches the subject received.Top Charts: Every year, Google publishes a list of the top searches that people performed on Google’s search engine. These lists can be viewed through global filters or by country. The lists include top searches in general as well as the top searches for people, athletes, news electronics and YouTube videos.HOW TO USE GOOGLE TRENDS IN GENERALYou can use Google Trends to complete a wide variety of market ing research. One of the best ways to use Google Trends is to improve your SEO efforts. You can also use the research to help drive relevant content creation that your target audience will engage with. Using Google Trends is incredibly easy and the information is presented in a visual and engaging manner. There are only four basic steps to reaching data that will help you drive your current marketing strategy as well as your future strategies.1. Track the keywords closest to youTo make the keyword research relevant, you need to search for both your ideal keywords and any keywords that are close to your keywords. To do this, you can track the keywords that are already used in your SEO marketing campaign. If you can’t think of more than a few alternative keywords, you may want to try using services like Keyword Tool. Keyword Tool will suggest several different terms that will be near to your original keyword. Using more than a couple of search terms will help your research be more i nclusive and therefore more valuable.For example, if your main keyword is “car”, you would also want to search for the word “automobile”. You can enter and compare both the related search terms to see which one is most relevant in your area and market. Google Trends will help you confirm keywords already in use and help suggest new keywords.2. Compare several related termsComparing the way people engage with your search terms is one of the greatest benefits of Google Trends. You can enter up to five terms at one time in the search box. You can then view how people in different areas interact with the words. You can also see how people have interacted with these searches over time.Comparing several related terms is easy and a great way to confirm your current keywords or add new ones. The first thing that you must do is enter a single search term and choose a filter. You will then be able to see the performance of the term from the perspective of the filter. Then, you can cho ose to add a keyword. Google will automatically integrate the chart of the first keyword with a new chart for the second keyword. This is a great way to really compare how keywords perform against each other.3. Read the peaks and troughs to understand the dataAnalyzing the data provided by Google Trends is a crucial element of using the data. If you can identify the peaks and lulls in Google’s charts you will be well on your way to implementing the data into your own marketing strategy. These graphs will often demonstrate significant events within an industry.Many industries will be seasonal. This means that more people will be searching for these keywords at certain times of the year. You will be able to establish when the keyword is popular by noticing the peaks in the graphs.You can also analyze these peaks to examine any events. Certain events can cause people to search for a keyword more often than they normally would. One tool that Google Trends offers to firmly establish th e presence of an event is the integration of news headlines. This feature will insert any significant news headlines that appeared during the peak.The search term Harper Lee is a great example. The novelist has received a steady stream of searches throughout the past ten years. However, this steady graph has been punctuated by small and large peaks. The massive peaks in 2015 demonstrate interest in her second book, Go Set a Watchman. This demonstrates a significant event.4. Use the Forecast function to predict where your industry will goGoogle Trends also offers a forecast tool that can provide insight into initial research. The forecast tool will demonstrate Google’s predictions for the future by extending the graph. The predictions are made based on past data. The function does not provide a complete picture and cannot predict all events. However, it can give you a basic idea of how your search terms will be used in an average year.HOW TO USE GOOGLE TRENDS IN MARKETING Google Trends is a tool created by Google that allows users to see how popular specific keywords or subjects are over a period of time. Users can enter a term, a keyword or a subject into the search box and see how often the word is used and where it is used. The results are demonstrated through graphs so that users can easily view the distribution of changes in keywords. Essentially, Google Trends is a less sophisticated and easier to read version of Google Insights for Search.Google Trends has become an essential tool for researchers, planners and marketers. It is a great way to track behavior on the world’s most popular website. There are a variety of useful ways that marketers can use Google Trends. From monitoring their own brand to checking out the competition, Google Trends can give you the opportunity to evaluate your past and present relevance in its search engine. In this article, you will learn about 1) what Google Trends does, 2) how to use Google Trends in general, and 3) how to use Google Trends in marketing.WHAT GOOGLE TRENDS DOESGoogle Trends works as a simple version of Google’s analytics tools. Its primary function is to gather and compare the searches that people make all over the world. The data is then broken down into different categories. It can also be viewed through different filters. The only information you need to use Google Trends are the keywords that you incorporate into your own marketing strategy. All you need to do is enter these terms into Google Trends’ search box. From there you will be able to choose the appropriate filter required to get the data you need. The following list contains all of the different ways that you can view Google’s analytic information on Google Trends.Keyword Trends: Google Trends helps researchers understand keyword trends. You can enter up to five search terms at a time in each search. Google Trends will then respond with a graph showing you how popular each term is. This features helps you understand the kind of language used by your target audience.Seasonal Trends: The seasonal trends graphs are ideal for those planning an editorial calendar. Anyone who creates content for the Internet knows that it is best to create content that will fit in with what their customers are interested in seasonally. This is an essential tool for publishing content that is topical for your target audience. When the content is topical, consumers are more likely to engage.Regional Trends: Viewing the regional trends for each search term helps prevent you from making inaccurate assumptions about your target audience’s interests. Instead of making broad assumptions about a large audience, you can use this tool to see how and when each search term is used in geographic locations. You can get a comparative view of these regional trends across several countries or even across specific U S states.Related Trends: Google Trends also offers users the ability to view related trends. This feature is another great tool to see what different kinds of languages your audience uses. This allows you to cast a broader net and include search terms that are relevant to your own primary keywords.Top Trends: Google will also display the trends according to their prevalence. You can enter a search term to see where it ranks in overall searches. You can also simply view the top searches category to see the overall top searches on Google.Rising Trends: Google also categorizes keywords according to how quickly they grow. You can enter a search term and Google will present you with a graph showing you how much growth it achieved during the time period you selected. The growth is demonstrated in percentages. If the search term has recently exploded in popularity, Google will suggest that it is a “breakout” keyword.Local Trends: Google will automatically show you a global search histo ry when you enter a search term into Google Trends. While this information is valuable in that it establishes that you are using the right keywords, it is not very interesting. To get real information about your local area or another small demographic, you can use Google Trends to zoom in on both towns and metropolitan areas. This enables small businesses to see real data about what people in their area are searching for.Hot Searches: Hot searches keep you up to date with what people in a certain geographic area are searching for. This is a great way to see what current events people are engaging with. You can view these searches by country. Google will also give you a rough estimate of the number of searches the subject received.Top Charts: Every year, Google publishes a list of the top searches that people performed on Google’s search engine. These lists can be viewed through global filters or by country. The lists include top searches in general as well as the top searches for people, athletes, news electronics and YouTube videos.HOW TO USE GOOGLE TRENDS IN GENERALYou can use Google Trends to complete a wide variety of marketing research. One of the best ways to use Google Trends is to improve your SEO efforts. You can also use the research to help drive relevant content creation that your target audience will engage with. Using Google Trends is incredibly easy and the information is presented in a visual and engaging manner. There are only four basic steps to reaching data that will help you drive your current marketing strategy as well as your future strategies.1. Track the keywords closest to youTo make the keyword research relevant, you need to search for both your ideal keywords and any keywords that are close to your keywords. To do this, you can track the keywords that are already used in your SEO marketing campaign. If you can’t think of more than a few alternative keywords, you may want to try using services like Keyword Tool. Keyword Tool will suggest several different terms that will be near to your original keyword. Using more than a couple of search terms will help your research be more inclusive and therefore more valuable.For example, if your main keyword is “car”, you would also want to search for the word “automobile”. You can enter and compare both the related search terms to see which one is most relevant in your area and market. Google Trends will help you confirm keywords already in use and help suggest new keywords.2. Compare several related termsComparing the way people engage with your search terms is one of the greatest benefits of Google Trends. You can enter up to five terms at one time in the search box. You can then view how people in different areas interact with the words. You can also see how people have interacted with these searches over time.Comparing several related terms is easy and a great way to confirm your current keywords or add new ones. The first thing that you must do is enter a single search term and choose a filter. You will then be able to see the performance of the term from the perspective of the filter. Then, you can choose to add a keyword. Google will automatically integrate the chart of the first keyword with a new chart for the second keyword. This is a great way to really compare how keywords perform against each other.3. Read the peaks and troughs to understand the dataAnalyzing the data provided by Google Trends is a crucial element of using the data. If you can identify the peaks and lulls in Google’s charts you will be well on your way to implementing the data into your own marketing strategy. These graphs will often demonstrate significant events within an industry.Many industries will be seasonal. This means that more people will be searching for these keywords at certain times of the year. You will be able to establish when the keyword is popular by noticing the peaks in the graphs.You can also analyze these peaks to examine any events. Certain events can cause people to search for a keyword more often than they normally would. One tool that Google Trends offers to firmly establish the presence of an event is the integration of news headlines. This feature will insert any significant news headlines that appeared during the peak.The search term Harper Lee is a great example. The novelist has received a steady stream of searches throughout the past ten years. However, this steady graph has been punctuated by small and large peaks. The massive peaks in 2015 demonstrate interest in her second book, Go Set a Watchman. This demonstrates a significant event.4. Use the Forecast function to predict where your industry will goGoogle Trends also offers a forecast tool that can provide insight into initial research. The forecast tool will demonstrate Google’s predictions for the future by extending the graph. The predictions are made based on past data. The function does not provide a complete picture and cannot predict all events. However, it can give you a basic idea of how your search terms will be used in an average year.HOW TO USE GOOGLE TRENDS IN MARKETINGGoogle Trends is a great tool for marketing. It requires more detective work than Google Analytics; however, it is an easy to use and free option for doing basic research. The results you encounter on Google Trends may justify deeper research into a specific area. You can use Google Trends to discover basic data about your brand, your market share, your industry and your competition.1. Check out your brand market shareGoogle Trends offers you the opportunity to delve into your brand market share. When you compare yourself to other brands in your industry, you will get a better picture where your brand stands among its peers. All you need to do is enter your own brand into the search term and then add on any competitive brands in your market.This is a great way to see how you compare to other brands in your industry over time. You can break the data down by viewing the annual trends and interest in each brand over time. You can also view regional interest for the industry.You can also use the news headlines and forecast features for this industry. The news headlines function can be very powerful when viewing market share. Peaks in a brand’s search terms are not always positive and can instead be driven by bad press and scandal.2. Monitor your brandMonitoring your brand is similar to examining your market share. When you monitor your brand, you should be looking out for active ways that you can improve your market share and positively increase your brand presence.You can use Google Trends to examine and update your keywords. Keywords should be regularly examined because as new brands or services enter the market place, an audience’s language may adjust with the market.You can also use the analysis from Google Trend’s to update your brand message. You can track whether your advertising campaigns are resonating with cus tomers by correlating the release of print and media advertising with the corresponding dates on the graphs.3. Understand you competitorsThe freedom of Google Trends allows you to monitor both your own brand and your competitors. You can learn a lot from your competitor’s graphs. If they are doing well, you can do research to learn more about how their peaks are created. If they are doing poorly, you can learn what to avoid and understand how to adapt your own strategy to minimize your own lulls.4. Pay attention to industry shiftsGoogle Trends offers you the chance to view up to the minute data as well as data from as far back as 2004. All of this data offers you an excellent opportunity to pay attention to and respond to shifts within your industry.You will always begin by analyzing the peaks and lulls of each graph. You should then investigate further into each event to find the underlying causes of each change in the graph. You can acknowledge room for natural fluctuation in th e market; however, drastic changes are usually the result of a catalyst.If you find that your industry is showing a steady decline on Google Trends, you should investigate further. Google Trends is not necessarily a reflection of the health of a particular business or industry but it can demonstrate a certain amount of vitality.When you are exploring shifts in the industry, make sure that you also search for related industries and related keywords. It may be that it is the language that has shifted and you need to fine tune your keywords to regain popularity in search trends.5. Add Google’s graphs to your websiteGoogle has made it easy to incorporate the analytics provided by Google Trends into your website. If you write a creative content, SEO or other marketing blog, this is a great service. These graphs serve as a visual aid that is very useful when you are discussing data.Use the Embed button to post it on your site. You will also have the option to adjust the dimensions of th e graphs.6. Create relevant contentCreating a wealth of relevant content is the new key to climbing up the Google ranking systems. Using Google Trends is a great way to get insight into what content is relevant on Google. The goal is to create that which is both relevant and topical so that users will engage with it.Relevance and timeliness are essential for today’s content. If you create content that was relevant last week but has been forgotten by the time you publish it, it is like you have not created content at all. At best, it will look as though you are beating a dead horse or telling a worn-out joke. Google Trends can help you be certain that people in your industry or geographical area are still talking about the subject so that you can actively engage in the conversation.7. Create a content calendarThe creation of a content calendar is an essential part of producing content for the Internet. It will aid you in making sure that your content is both relevant and consistent . Overall, it is a great practice for the creative process because it will help keep the voice of the website unified by keeping everyone on the same page.Your creative team should have two editorial calendars. There should be a master calendar that keeps track of the overall goal for the year by including key dates and planned content.You should also include a calendar that is used for short-term or specific content and brand activities.Google Trends can aid you in the creation of a content calendar. It will help demonstrate the seasonality of your proposed content ideas and demonstrate cyclical patterns so that you can take advantage of the peak seasons.Google Trends is an essential tool for today’s marketers and content creators. It offers up-to-date research into what users search for on Google. On its own, it can provide you with the data you need to create valuable content for your website. It can also help you determine the health of your brand’s keywords. Whether you wan t to cite popular content or check up on your competitors, Google Trends provides a great starting point for further research.

The use of Satire in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn...

The use of Satire in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn In his novel the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, published in 1884, Mark Twain uses satire frequently as a medium to display his feelings on a range of issues related to society at that time. Throughout the book he ridicules many aspects of society, including the prevalent views on slaves and religion, and their social structure. Even though the novel was set fifty years before it was published, the themes still held true for contemporary society. This led to the novel being criticised widely as a result of it condemning the very society it was presented to. Today however readers can see the message behind Mark Twain’s satire much more clearly, as it does not mock us†¦show more content†¦Huck realizes however, that if he did follow society’s expectations and give Jim up to the slavers he would â€Å"†¦feel bad – [he’d] feel just the same way [he does] now† (149). This leads him to disregard the expectations placed on him by society and just â€Å"†¦bother no more about it† (149). In the 1800s, religion was a large part of society. However, society was on many occasions extremely hypocritical in their views on religion. The slave owners would â€Å"fetch the niggers in and have prayers† (51), forcing them to become Christians whilst ignoring their own Christian maxim, ‘God created all men equal’ by treating their slaves as lesser beings. Twain also shows us the futility of society’s fanatic attempt to convert everyone to Christianity. This is brought to our attention comically with Jim’s view of King Solomon. Jim has been taught â€Å"†¦bout dat chile dat he `uz gwyne to chop in two† (133). Yet the significance of King Solomon’s test in order to determine who was the mother of the child was lost on his uneducated mind. Similarly when Miss Watson tells Huck about hell he said â€Å"I wished I was there† (50), Huck was never taught to grasp the concept of heaven or hell, it was only described to him, leading him to believe that hell would be a far more exciting place to live than Heaven. Society’s view of prayer is harshly criticised as well. Huck was taught that if he prayed every day â€Å"†¦whatever [he] asked for [he] would get† (60).Show MoreRelatedThe Use of Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain595 Words   |  2 Pagesalso endure t he same treatment for how they act. In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain, uses the literary device of satire in order to ridicule the ignorance of Americans in the late 1800s. Twain uses irony during the mishaps of Jim throughout the story to comment the clear fact that people at the time judged others by their race and not by their actions. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Jims personality is a strong influence toward the personality ofRead MoreHuckleberry Finn and the use of Satire Essay1109 Words   |  5 Pages Huck Finn and the use of Satire Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been controversial ever since its release in 1884. It has been called everything from the root of modern American literature to a piece of racist trash. Many scholars have argued about Huck Finn being prejudiced. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses satire to mock many different aspects of the modern world. Despite the fact that many critics have accused Mark Twain’s novel of promoting racismRead MoreEssay on Prejudice and Racism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn833 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice and Racism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚   The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is an excellent example of racism in literature, because it uses language describing African Americans which goes beyond satire.   It treats them as objects and perpetuates stereotypes. It does not expose and deal with racism, as many advocates of its reading claim, but encourages an attitude of superiority that is unnecessary and intolerable. In order to ridRead MoreA Brief Note On Book The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1310 Words   |  6 PagesSarah Jane Reshetiloff Mr. O’Hearn Honors British Literature 26 September 2015 Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain’s novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a masterful social satire that demonstrates the awakening of a young, adventurous boy living in a culture of slavery. He uses humor and an unreliable narrator to convey social satire in the novel to reflect the flaws of society toward in the antebellum south. The novel was published in 1884, just after slaveryRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1508 Words   |  7 PagesMany authors use satire to poke fun at certain issues to expose and call awareness to it. One author that has a history of using satire in his novels and other literary works to indulge the reader deeper into the meaning of his writing is Mark Twain. By using satire, he humorously draws attention to some issues faced in American culture and other places around the world. A perfect example of his use of satire is his novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain’s widely read novel Adventures of HuckleberryRead More Huck Finn Essay568 Words   |  3 Pagesthought of as anything more than just an adventure. Mark Twain, however, uses his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, to explore and makes fun of many problems facing American society. Huck, the main character, is considered a boy who is under pressure to conform to the aspects of society . Jim, who comes along with Huck, is a runaway slave seeking freedom from the world that has been denied it to him for so long. Throughout the entire novel Twain uses satire to show problems with society. 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The bulk of the entire story is told through these episodic adventures instead of focusing on a set goal. In â€Å"Huckleberry Finn†, Huck Finn finds many adventures with his runaway slave friend Jim while traveling on theirRead MoreMark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn2015 Words   |  9 PagesSamuel Clemens, produced The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. A few years prior to the publishing of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain released possibly his most famous book, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which is very much an adventure novel. In the early chapters of Twain’s sequel, it appears that ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is another adventure novel, and that it is just following a different character from Twain’s earlier world of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. 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The Effect Of Different Stretching Techniques On Myosin Actin

The Effects of Different Stretching Techniques on Myosin and Actin Fibers and How it Affects Athletic Performance Actin and myosin filaments can be found in skeletal muscle and are the smallest units that form a sarcomere, which is the smallest contractile unit in muscle (Baechle, 2008). The Sliding Filament Theory states that the actin filaments slide inward on the myosin filaments, pulling on the boundaries of the sarcomere, causing it to shorten the muscle fiber, also known as a concentric muscular contraction (Baechle, 2008). The Sliding Filament Theory is composed of five steps: the â€Å"Resting Phase†, the â€Å"Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase†, the â€Å"Contraction Phase†, the â€Å"Recharge Phase†, and the â€Å"Relaxation Phase† (Baechle, 2008). During the Resting Phase, the actin and myosin filaments are lined up with no cross-bridge binding of the two filaments. During the Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase, Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds to troponin, causing a shift in tropomyosin where the binding cites are exposed (Baechle, 2008). When the binding cites are exposed, the myosin cross-bridge head attaches to actin. During the Contraction Phase, ATP bonds break, releasing energy that is used to allow the myosin head to flex, causing the actin filaments to move toward the M-bridge. During the Recharge Phase, there is a continuous repetition of the Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase and the Contraction Phase in order to produce muscularShow MoreRelatedGrade II Hamstring Stran to the Biceps Femoris Muscle2186 Words   |  9 PagesMeeuwisse et al. 2003); and minimal research on female netball players. Nevertheless, McManus et al. (2006) observed 43% of knee injuries of which 22% of those injuries where hamstring strain on non-elite netball players. Brooks et al. (2006) looked at different types on hamstring injuries and found that 30% of the injuries where biceps femoris strains. The subject played as a centre which involves short duration sprinting, jumping to intercept the ball and qu ick changes in direction therefore putting themRead MoreCulinary Final Study Guide6921 Words   |  28 Pagesproduces toxins, a by-product of their life processes o Odorless and tasteless o Bacteria is not harmless, but the toxins poison the consumer o Even cooking with high temperatures can leave behind toxins o Proper food-handling techniques are required †¢ Infection: occurs when live pathogenic bacteria are ingested o Bacteria lives in consumer’s intestinal tract and causes illness o Can be destroyed by cooking foods at 165 or higher †¢ Toxin-mediated infection: establish

Inequalities In Healthcare Older Person Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The UK has a quickly ageing population with increased health care demands. Yet societal isolation and exclusion ensuing from stigma and age favoritism means that many older people are confronted with inequalities in entree to and quality of wellness attention. These inequalities are peculiarly prevailing among older people with mental wellness issues and older people from black and cultural minority groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Inequalities In Healthcare Older Person Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are a figure of stairss nurses can take to increase the inclusion of older people in wellness publicity and community-based health care services. Nurses are examples for public wellness service bringing and are competently placed to show the importance of health care services free from ageist and prejudiced attitudes. The UK comprises an ageing population. Over the last 25-years the per centum of the population aged 65-years and over increased from 15 % in 1984 to 16 % in 2009, an addition of 1.7 million people ( ONS, 2010 ) . Over the same period, the per centum of the population aged under 16-years decreased from 21 % to 19 % . This tendency is anticipated to go on and it is projected that by 2034, 23 % of the population will be aged 65-years and over. The fastest population addition has been in the figure of people aged 85-years and over ; by 2034 the figure of people in this class is expected to be 5 % of the entire population. The addition in measure of life is frequently non accompanied by additions in health-related quality of life ( QoL ) ( ONS, 2010 ) . The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing ( ELSA ) found that for both work forces and adult females, overall QoL lessenings from province pension age onwards, with the fastest diminution happening after 70-years of age ( Hyde et al. , 2003 ) . In both work forces and adult females aged 65-84-years, circulatory diseases were the taking cause of decease. Ratess of respiratory and infective diseases, malignant neoplastic diseases, hurt, and poisoning were besides higher in this age group compared to younger groups. The highest mortality rates were in people aged 85-years and over, with circulatory diseases holding the highest rates, followed by respiratory diseases and malignant neoplastic diseases ( ONS, 2006 ) . Therefore, despite persons aged 65-years and over accounting for merely 16 % of the population, they represent 40 % of all those who are non in good wellness and are likely to hold specific health care demands ( ONS, 2001 ) . Indeed, it has been reported that the figure of old ages of life spent in hapless general wellness between 1981 and 2006 rose from 6.4-8.7 old ages for males and from 10.1-11.0 old ages for females ( ONS, 2010 ) . This is, in portion, due to an addition in unhealthy lifestyle patterns. For illustration, in England, the per centum of people aged 45-64 and 65-74 who were corpulent increased by 10 % to approximately 30 % between 1995 and 2007 ( ONS, 2009 ) . This is mostly due to progressively unhealthy diets accompanied by decreased physical activity. It is therefore non surprising that, in 2007, about two-thirds of both work forces and adult females aged 75-years and over in Great Britain reported holding a long-run chronic unwellness or disablement. Despite a greater demand for interaction with health care services, older people can go socially degage and unable to entree support from health care professionals. This is non ever the consequence of restricted mobility or single pick, but societal exclusion is strongly associated with increasing age. Regardless of the ground for societal isolation, it finally leads to immense inequalities in the proviso of wellness services across age groups. Indeed, extra findings from the ELSA survey show that in 2006 about one in 10 people aged 50-years and over in England did non hold anyone strongly back uping them when in demand ( Hyde et al. , 2003 ) . This includes friends and household, every bit good as health care professionals. Many older people are widowed and therefore besides lose out on the extra wellness benefits of societal support. Furthermore, since older people ‘s traveling forms are frequently dependent on their wellness, without entree to transport for GP, infirmary, an d other health care assignments, particular attempts to forestall inequalities in entree to healthcare are paramount. Excluded older people can be found across all geographical parts of England. However, there are some countries which are found to hold a higher extent of exclusion amongst their older population than other countries. Older people populating in London have been found to be more multiply excluded compared with older people populating in other parts in England. The south E and E of England are found to hold the least hazard of exclusion amongst older people. The north E and West, Yorkshire/Humber, E and west Midlands and south west all have higher rates of exclusion for older people. Social isolation through exclusion is a peculiar hazard factor for older people from minority cultural groups, those in rural countries, and for people older than 75-years who are widowed or populating entirely ( Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2006 ) . It is a common hazard factor for a scope of wellness jobs and therefore prioritizing bar of wellness jobs by undertaking societal isolation is being encouraged ( DH, 2010 ) . Concentrating on bar requires taking action to: 1 ) hold or change by reversal older people ‘s impairment ( i.e. advance their independency and wellbeing ) ; 2 ) cut down the hazard of crises and the injury arising from them ; 3 ) maximise people ‘s operation ( i.e. re-enablement ) ; and, 4 ) provide attention closer to place ( i.e. arrange for he least institutional or intensive intercession that is able to suitably run into people ‘s demands ) . It has been stated that commissioning should turn to all four facets of bar in order to to the full optimize the local system. Particular attempts to forestall inequalities in entree to healthcare are overriding if the dogma of the NHS, that everyone has a right to wellness attention on the footing of demand and clinical ability, is to be maintained. Age Discrimination Age favoritism, one of the Standards outlined in the NSFOP, is a signifier of bias that exacerbates the job of societal exclusion. It can be defined as handling person below the belt because of their age, for illustration, by supplying them with a lower quality of attention. This is surprisingly prevailing within the NHS. In a study of 200 physicians, conducted by the British Geriatric Society ( BGS ) , over half expressed that they would be worried about how the NHS would handle them in old age ( Clark, 2009 ) . Age favoritism can hold dramatic and damaging effects on older people and the attention they receive. For illustration, in the study conducted by the BGS, 72 % of the physicians said that older people were less likely to be considered for and referred on for indispensable interventions or specializer attention. The debut of the Equality Act 2010, which replaces the bing responsibilities on the populace sector to advance race, disablement and gender equality, now comprises a individual responsibility to advance equality across eight ‘protected ‘ features ( Box 2 ) . The Act besides includes commissariats leting the authorities to do age favoritism in service planning and bringing improper. This is likely to be implemented in 2012 and therefore it is important that nurses make themselves cognizant of what age favoritism is, the different types of age favoritism, and how it can be prevented ( Box 3 ) . Age favoritism is non needfully a witting act and therefore health care professionals are likely to be questioned on actions and clinical picks that would antecedently hold been acceptable. Examples of age favoritism are presented in Box 4. It is anticipated that the Equality Act 2010 will extinguish the stereotypes implicit in age favoritism, such as that older people will be confronted with worsening wellness and should therefore accommodate to symptoms. In world, the bulk of older people describe themselves as being in good wellness and less than 1 % of the older population is in infirmary at any one clip ( Roberts, 2009 ) . There needs to be a move off from sing older people as an homogeneous group characterised by passiveness, neglecting wellness, and dependence. It is of import to observe that favoritism is non ever negative. Indeed, positive favoritism is frequently used for turn toing inequalities in wellness. For illustration, people who are over 60-years of age are entitled to free prescriptions and eyesight trials, and all registered patients over 75-years of age are offered an one-year primary attention wellness cheque. There are besides cases where favoritism through the rationing of services is viewed as justified. For illustration, it has been argued that the scene of expressed age bounds for everyday showing for certain diseases, such as where there is no grounds for an overall benefit in the older population, is justified. Nevertheless, age favoritism can come from the unintended effects on attitude towards hazard of disease where age bounds have been set. Age limits for everyday chest showing might be justifiable, but deficiency of consciousness of the handiness of testing on petition every bit good as deficiency of information on single hazard and self-care is non. A broad scope of mental wellness jobs can be experienced in ulterior life, including depression, anxiousness, craze, dementedness, schizophrenic disorder, and intoxicant and drug abuse. Undiagnosed depression is a peculiar job, with a one-fourth of people aged 65-years and over life in the community holding symptoms of depression, merely half of whom are diagnosed. Another survey estimates that depression affects 40 % of older people in attention places. Furthermore, there were 790 self-destructions amongst people aged 65-years and above in the UK in 2006. Up to 60 % of older people in infirmary have mental wellness jobs or develop them during their stay. Despite these overpowering statistics, the Royal College of Psychiatrists estimations that 85 % of older people with depression receive no aid at all from the NHS. Mental wellness services for older people are ill developed in many countries of the state and staff in mainstream services can miss the necessary cognition and preparation to cover with people with mental wellness jobs. Community nurses can play a major function in sensing and bar of mental wellness issues among the older population. It is important that nurses are trained in how to separate age-related cognitive and mental diminution from symptoms of depression and other mental wellness upsets. It is no longer acceptable to see worsening mental wellness as an inevitable portion of ripening, and fortuitously, greater attempts are afoot in footings of bettering the mental wellness of older people ( NICE, 2008 ) . For illustration, since regular exercising has good effects on general wellness, mobility and independency, every bit good as reduced hazard of depression and improved mental wellbeing and self-pride, recommendations have been made to advance physical activity in older people via trim exercising programmes in the community ( DH, 2005 ) . Traditionally, older people with mental unwellness have been excluded from intermediate attention, which was introduced in 2000 via the National Beds Enquiry in an effort to run into the demands for acute patient attention ensuing from an ageing population. The NSFOP ( 2001 ) defined the aims for intermediate attention services as being to advance independency by supplying enhanced services from the NHS and councils to forestall unneeded infirmary admittances and develop effectual rehabilitation services to enable early discharge from infirmary, every bit good as to forestall premature or unneeded admittance to long-run residential attention. As a consequence of exclusion from such services, in 2005 the Care Services Improvement Partnership ( 2005 ) emphasised that mental unwellness should be an built-in portion of service proviso. Therefore, nurses can play an of import function in signposting older patients with mental wellness issues to intercede or rehabilitative services. Box 6 high spots the five chief countries of action identified within the UK Inquiry into Mental Health and Well-Being in Later Life. After reading about these five countries, complete Time out 4. Box 6: The UK Inquiry into Mental Health and Well-Being in Later Life – five countries for action Ending favoritism: favoritism includes direct age favoritism, ageist attitudes and stigma. Cardinal actions outlined include taking age barriers to services, undertaking stigma associated with mental wellness jobs and paying more attending to ‘invisible ‘ groups such as older people with intoxicant and drug abuse jobs. Prioritizing bar: societal isolation is a common hazard factor for a scope of jobs. This indicates that nurses have a cardinal function in wellness publicity among older people. The study recommends disputing the ‘widespread defeatism ‘ that leads to the premise that mental wellness jobs are an inevitable portion of turning older. Reducing isolation, bettering societal support, and concentrating on forestalling depression and craze are outlined as cardinal actions. Enabling older people: merely a little per centum of older people with mental wellness jobs receive aid through formal services, so support for self-help and peer support is necessary. Cardinal actions focus on community development enterprises, advancing equal support and support for unpaid carers of older people. When sing inequalities in health care experienced by older people, it is of import to retrieve that older people are non a homogenous group. The proportion of older people from black and minority cultural communities is little but turning. One survey analyzing the hereafter ripening of the cultural minority population in England and Wales, reported a projection of 2.4 million black and cultural minority people aged 50-years and over in 2016, lifting to 3.8 million by 2026 and 7.4 million by 2051 ( Lievesley, 2010 ) . Over the same clip spans, there will be merely over half a million black and minority cultural people aged 70-years and over by 2016, more than 800,000 by 2026 and every bit many as 2.8 million by 2051. In the chief, older people from black and minority cultural groups tend to describe poorer wellness than their white opposite numbers ( Bajekal et al. , 2004 ) . Some besides report that they experience age-related alterations at an earlier age ( Ebrahim et al. , 1991 ) . Indeed, it has been suggested that wellness differences by ethnicity are really greatest among older people ( POST, 2007 ) . Key messages within the Better Health Briefing conducted by the Race Equality Foundation ( Moriarty, 2008 ) were that older people from black and minority cultural groups continue to have poorer intervention from wellness and societal attention services ; they are besides frequently under-represented among those utilizing services. Barriers to accessing services include deficiency of information, linguistic communication troubles, and differing outlooks about how services can assist. Stereotyped premises on the portion of professionals may besides move as a barrier to service usage. Older people from minority cultural groups portion positions similar to their white opposite numbers in footings of their thoughts about what constitutes a good quality service ( e.g. dependability and handling people as persons ) , but they may hold extra concerns, such as being able to portion the same linguistic communication. They besides place peculiar importance on associating the quality of wellness and societal attention services with other factors impacting on wellness, such as poorness, lodging, offense and racism ( Butt and O’Neil, 2004 ; Chahal and Temple, 2005 ; Manthorpe et al. , in imperativeness ) . All services should reflect the diverseness of this turning population. This is, nevertheless, seldom the instance. For illustration, in a study commissioned by Better Government for Older Peoples ( 2003 ) , it was identified that a 3rd of local governments who responded had attacks underway, another 3rd were sing or originating responses, but about one tierce of local governments had no programs to bring forth a strategic papers for run intoing the demands of their black and minority cultural older communities. Some wellness service suppliers continue to see older people in a stereotypic manner, where cognitive diminution, diminishing mental wellbeing, and deteriorating physical wellness are characterised as being portion of the ageing procedure. There is a clear demand for a greater consciousness of the function of wellness and wellbeing in the ripening procedure, via professional instruction, national policy directives, and modeling of best pattern. Nurses are at the head of public wellness bringing and are competently placed to show the importance of health care services free from ageist and prejudiced attitudes. There is a clear demand for a more conjunct policy focal point on physical and mental wellness in ulterior life, including the care and publicity of wellbeing every bit good as support for people with important mental unwellness or cognitive damage. There besides needs to be more attending to the altering long-run support demands of older people and those with complex or comorbid conditions, every bit good as more accent on incorporate support for people towards the terminal of life. Social exclusion thrusts inequalities in health care and older people, particularly those of cultural minority, are more vulnerable to this. Therefore, there needs to be more work on the bar of societal exclusion within the community and within the health care scene. How to cite Inequalities In Healthcare Older Person Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

The Importance Of Being Leadbelly Essays - American Folk Songs

The Importance Of Being Leadbelly The Importance of Being Leadbelly ?Women and Liquor, that was his problem. My father got him to marry his girl, Martha, and that settled him for a while, a week or two. He called himself ?the twelve-string champion guitar player of the world,' and I guess he was. I never heard anybody who could play it better. He loved being the best. He wanted to stay the best as long as he was alive.? -Alan Lomax, on Leadbelly He's just a name on a lot of lists: the fourth or fifth name on a list of influences, never first, and all too often not mentioned at all where appropriate. He's also an ex-convict, who was a sweet old man only while sober, which wasn't often enough. But by looking at the people he influenced, you can see that Huddie Ledbetter, Leadbelly, was redeemable no matter what he did aside from making music. The self-proclaimed ?King of the Twelve-String Guitar? was more aptly the ?Godfather of the Twelve-String Gui-tar,? being inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 as an influence. He died poor and pitiful of a form of multiple sclerosis, and six months afterward his first hit song was a million-seller for another group. And every generation thereafter earned a new respect for a band that used one of his versions of a song. The importance of Leadbelly lies not in his legendary evil ways; it was in his great talent for making popular music. To make note of his importance, it's important to note his ?discoverer,? John Lomax. Lomax was on a constant search funded by the government to find its musical roots, rather to preserve what it could of them once the portable recording device was created. At the time Lomax met him, Ledbetter was serving a sen-tence at the Angola Prison Farm in Louisiana for murder, the second long stretch in prison for him. During his first run in prison, for assault in 1925 in Texas, he would play music for the guards to get lighter work-loads and eventually his music granted him an early release from the governor himself. It was in the Texas prison that Ledbetter allegedly earned his nickname, some say because he was able to eat anything, others said it was because he was ?the number one man in the number one gang in the Texas pen.? Lomax found him doing much the same in the Louisiana prison, singing for lighter work and trying hard for a second pardon from a harder governor. Lomax saw great poten tial in Ledbetter and helped get him parole in 1933 then hired him as a prot?g? of sorts. As much of a friend John Lomax was, he was also a hindrance, ex-ploiting Leadbelly as a singing prisoner, dressing him in convict or sharecropper clothes for photo sessions. He immortalized Leadbelly and at the same time made a joke of him. For as much as Leadbelly would agree to go along with the clothes, he refused to actually talk about prison or about the ear-to-ear scar on his neck. For all the influence he had, Leadbelly was not without his influences. Prior to his arrest in Texas, he played the street corners with his mentor, Blind Lemon Jefferson for change, and they brought in small fortunes together for five years, each man gaining a lot of influence from the other. In the mid-1930s he worked and lived with Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Woody Guthrie, each one giving and taking a bit. And John Lomax was indeed quite a benefit for Leadbelly as far as credit is concerned. Ledbetter had a repertoire of well over 500 songs, the actual number was never quantified. Upon his discovery by Lo-max, he was the first blues man to record for the Archive of Folk Song at the Library of Congress in 1933, while still in the Angola Prison Farm. Ledbetter himself couldn't remember exactly which songs were his own as opposed to ones he made his own from someone else, and therefore his name is often attached to a lot of songs that perhaps weren't originally his own. An examp le of this is popular children's song of old,

The Best (and Worst) Online AP Courses, Reviewed

The Best (and Worst) Online AP Courses, Reviewed SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There are hundreds, if not thousands, of online AP courses. So how are you supposed to find the best one for you? To help you sort through your options, I’ll quickly go over what makes a good online AP course. Then I’ll discuss the best-reviewed online AP courses, some popular online AP class providers, and wrap up with some classes that you should avoid. 7 FactorsThat Make a Good Online AP Course If you're searchingfor the best online AP courses, these are the qualities you should look for. #1: It's Accredited There’s no reason why you can’t self-study for an exam with non-accredited online resources- but if you are going to take an entire AP course online, it makes the most sense to take one that is accredited by the College Board. This means that they have looked over the syllabus and course requirements and approved it, and that it can be listed as an AP course if your high school agrees to list the online course on your transcript. #2: The Material Is Presented Well You want the material to be interesting, engaging, and presented clearly. The coursework may not be your first choice of activity, but if you’re bored out of your mind, you won’t want to study, and if you’re confused, you will be frustrated. #3: Teachers Are Accessible and Give Good Feedback Teachers should be easy to reach and give useful, timely feedback. If you are waiting for them to return assignments from months ago when you take the AP, that’s not particularly helpful. #4: The Workload Is Reasonable Many AP courses are demanding, which is to be expected. But you want to make sure that you have a good sense of how many hours per week you have available to spend on online coursework and how many hours a week the class will take. #5: There's an Easy-To-Use Interface and Tech Support A good course will be easy to navigate on your computer. You should also have easy access to tech support resources should something go wrong. #6: The Class Preps You for the AP Exam If you can get any information on how students tend to score on the exam after taking the course, that will be very useful in making a decision on a course. #7: It's Well-Reviewed A good online AP course is one other students have had good experiences in! Check forum sites like College Confidential for reviews of a given course. With those seven criteria in mind, we’re ready for a more in-depth look at some of the best-reviewed online AP courses out there! You can master the universe...of online AP courses! 8 GreatOnline AP Courses Below I’ve compiled a list of someof the bestonline AP courses. Ideally I would be able to provide an option for every AP, but unfortunately, some APs have very few online options (if any). That is why, as you may notice, there are some popular AP courses like Calculus and English Language that do not appear on the list below. AP US History AP US History From the UC System’s Scout Program Students like the material, the pace, and the focus on AP exam prep. Multimedia lessons are praised for being engaging, and assessments and assignments are full of variety, which keeps things interesting. Students appreciate the consistent pace of the assignments. A special bonus is that the end of the course involves an AP workshop with study strategies, practice AP exams, etc. This is also one of the cheaper online AP course providers, and it’s discounted for CA students. AP Art History AP Art History From the Florida Virtual School Students appreciate that the course spends so much time on non-European art. The interactive gallery format is engaging and helps you retain the material. Finally, the class content is not overly difficult, but students still feel prepared for the AP exam. AP Human Geography AP Human Geography From the Florida Virtual School Students recommend this class, finding it interesting without being frustrating. They also praise the teaching staff and like that teachers are accessible by text, e-mail, and phone. AP Psychology AP Psychology From the Florida Virtual School This course is interesting and fairly easy. Some assignments are fun, and the online textbook has helpful interactive video components and simulations. Overall, this course is straightforward and will prepare you well for the exam. With that said, students advise that some of the course material does require boring rote memorization. AP Biology AP Bio From Johns Hopkins CTY Students felt that this course overprepared them for the AP Bio exam, but in a good way. They also appreciated that the two lowest grades on tests were dropped, so you could dive into difficult material without fear that some struggling along the road would completely tank your grade. AP Biology From Apex Learning This class hasa combination virtual/in-person lab component,which ishelpful given that many online courses do not have labs at all. Students do mention that this course is reading-heavy. AP Chemistry AP Chemistry From ChemAdvantage The main selling point of this class is that students get mailed a small lab kit and do at-home labs; lab components are often missing from online science courses. The course is taught and managed by a husband and wife team. Students receive lots of instructor attention and feel that instructors are flexible when necessary. The course is demanding, as AP Chemistry usually is, but students feel well-prepared for the exam. Unfortunately, this class is primarily offered to homeschoolers, but their FAQ says that they may be able to accommodate students whose schools simply don’t offer AP Chem. AP Computer Science A AP CS A From the Florida Virtual School This is one of the most highly-praised online courses out there. According to students, the FLVS course imparts a strong coding foundation, good habits, and conceptual understanding. Students find that they easily retain the material for months and feel very prepared for the exam. They warn that you may spend 10 hours a week or more writing programs, but that you will enjoy yourself and it is time well-spent. There you have it- a selection of some of the most popular online AP classes available. Still at a loss? Keep reading for a brief list of three of the most well-regarded online AP providers. We briefly interrupt this broadcast to bring you this mesmerizing jellyfish. 3High-Quality Online AP Course Providers In addition to some specific courses being like by students, there are also some online providers that are particularly well-regarded.It’s still a good idea to look for reviews and making sure a course has what you are looking for before you sign up, but these are some online schools that have a reputation for high-quality coursework. Pennsylvania Homeschoolers For homeschooled students in any state, PA Homeschoolers AP Courses are well-reviewed, with excellent teachers being the number one benefit. AP History and English classes are particularly well-liked, and they appear to have the only online AP Environmental Science course that is praised and not widely disliked. However, you must be a homeschooled student to register. Florida Virtual School Though there are a couple courses that aren’t highly reviewed (see below), most students found AP offerings from FLVS to be comprehensive, cost-effective, worthwhile, and adequate preparation for the AP exam. They also have a wide variety of AP courses available. It's one of the cheaper online providers, has no admissions requirements, and is free in Florida! Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth Johns Hopkins CTYis an online course provider for gifted students. To take courses, students need to get qualifying courses on the PSAT. In general, students found AP courses from this provider to be thorough and enjoyable. The material used is said to be top-notch. This is an expensive provider, though there is some financial aid available. Allow me to steer you away from AP online danger! 3BadOnline AP Classes Of course, not every online AP course is a great experience. There are some classes that are known throughout the world of high school distance learning as particularly terrible, and I’ll discuss why here. AP US History From Apex Learning There were two chief complaints here: logistical and technical issues with the course, and poor preparation for the AP. Students found that they lost points on quizzes due to technical errors when they had selected the correct answer. They were annoyed by all of the faxing they had to do, and that their faxed documents frequently got lost. Even more disconcertingly, students did not feel prepared to get 4-5 level scores on the exam, but only a 2-3. They found they learned more from prep books than the course! If you’re having better luck studying on your own, there’s no point in taking the class. AP Environmental Science From the Florida Virtual School This is probably the most widely disliked online course I saw. Students were frustrated by the workload, assessments, and lack of teacher accessibility. They found that lessons focused on information that was not relevant to the AP exam. They pointed to a high workload of busywork with low exam preparation payoff. Assessments were brutally long. Teachers took a long time to get back to students. The general consensus was that no one should take this course. AP Government From the Florida Virtual School This course, again, was disliked for its poor preparation value for the exam. Students found that assessments were frequently based on minor, unimportant details instead of major concepts. Even diligent students who carefully read the lessons and took notes felt that assessments were unfairly specific and did little to prepare them for the actual AP exam. As you can see, there are several running themes in what makes a course disliked: there are technical problems with the way the course is run, the material is presented in a way that is boring or overly specific, students do not feel prepared for the exam, and teaching staff is inaccessible or not helpful. If you see any of these issues cited in student reviews on College Confidential or elsewhere, these are major red flags. Keep this in mind to avoid any bad eggs! These eggs are good, so you don't need to avoid them. Choosing the Right Online AP Course: Final Thoughts There are high-quality AP online classes available out there, with excellent teaching, good exam prep, and engaging material. There are also less amazing online offerings, with frustrating technological meltdowns, vanishing instructors, and long assessments. I’ve listed some highly-praised options and some that aren't as well-liked, but this is by no means a comprehensive accounting of every course available. I’m sure you’ve noticed that some APs are easier to find online than others, and some have more options than others. This means a few well-known APs (World History, English Language) are conspicuously absent from this list of the best online AP courses. Keep in mind what’s available when you are planning your online AP coursework, and do research carefully! A smart investment in an online AP course can have a great payoff. What's Next? If you're not quite sure if online AP courses are for you, check out my pros and cons to online AP classes. Once you've selected your course of choice, you may need help registering for the AP exam. Want more information about the AP program before you decide? See our expert guide to AP classes and tests. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

COLLEGE PAPER WRITING SERVICE for Students

COLLEGE PAPER WRITING SERVICE for Students Good written paper is no doubt a writing masterpiece. But if you ask yourself, what makes the academic essay so good? The answer to this question will be simple but the good essay writing does require much abilities and skills and college paper writing service is ready to help. Here are a few simple steps for you to follow while writing your perfect college paper. First is to study you the presented sources carefully. In addition to that make sure to sort well the reference sources. Second, communicate on paper your ideas and thoughts the most effective way you know. Third, generate the most impressive content you can come up with, aim to the unique piece of writing in the first place. Fourth is to put the facts into the logical and most sequential order while aiming to provide the continuous information flow. Fifth is to concentrate on using the simple language that speaks directly to the reader. And sixth is to apply your own personal writing style to show your understanding of the subject and to answer the central questions of the given essay.

Advanced Research Methods Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Advanced Research Methods - Dissertation Example Companies are expanding operations in other nations and the increasing incidence of mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures have increased the challenges before organizations in terms of managing a diversified and cross cultural work force. For example, an American company shifting its manufacturing and marketing facilities in China will have to integrate organizational HR practices in keeping with the lifestyle and culture of the local population. Such situations can result in cross cultural conflicts that can adversely impact organizational culture and productivity. It is very difficult for American executives to adapt to Chinese culture and systems of working. Such circumstances create responsibility for the HR department to ensure that cross cultural relationships within the organization are cordial and positive so that the company functions smoothly. This proposal is about a quantitative research that will be carried out in the area of human resource management in an organizati on that is shifting its manufacturing facilities from the US to China in order to benefit from the accruing economies of scale, low costs of production and cheap availability of raw material. The proposal will outline the research strategy on how to deal effectively with the emerging issues of training a culturally diversified workforce. Introduction The study will address some major issues in terms of the extent to which a cross cultural training strategy can work positively in improving the company’s performance in China. In order to achieve this objective, exhaustive research will have to be carried out on how expatriates and local employees have to be dealt with. Initially the company will have to ask Americans or nationals from other countries to work in China because key positions in the company cannot be performed by Chinese nationals. The research will ascertain the merits and demerits if cross-cultural training modules and also ascertain the approaches that will work best in the given environment. Another objective will be to develop theories of efficient cross-cultural modules for global human resource personnel. HRM is widely acknowledged as a management resource that imbibes the maximum possible management actions and decisions that impact relationships amongst the organization and workers (Beer et al, 1986). It is the process that coordinates the organization’s human resources in meeting organizational objectives. Therefore, the job of HR professionals becomes quite complicated because all aspects of the firm and workers have to be encompassed. It is believed that the most significant asset of the organization is its people that assist in achieving its goals, and this comprises the core of the HRM philosophy. Human resources are the most important asset and are the major force that drives human resource management in any organization. Human resource personnel have to take care of areas such as professional development, compensation, benefits, performance evaluation, recruitment, health and safety, job design, job analysis, labor relations and management of a diverse work force (Lipiec, 2002). According to Schermerhorn (2002), there is global inter-dependence in the global economy in terms of resources and markets whereby every business thrives because of competition. Internationalization has led businesses to act and think globally in order to succeed in a competitive environment. Some theorists have viewed globalization as providing massive growth potential for both developed and developing

Managing People and Organisations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Managing People and Organisations - Case Study Example PEST analysis shows that ALSTOM political situation was feeble in 1999 and continued to remain till 2003 until they change their HRM policies to unite the new and old employees. Among the major concerns were lack of funds, updated technology and unskilled labour which they overcome in 2005 by revising their policies and considering social factors on a cultural basis which gained customers' trust and trained their unskilled managers and employees so that they could move with the 'new' labour department. ALSTOM currently should consider economic conditions to be updated on a weekly basis as this would provide the managers with the latest updates to take financial decisions regarding investment and budgeting control. ALSTOM should also sought new ways to lower its' costs and increase its plant's efficiency. ALSTOM unintentionally became dual service business which consisted of a two-fold unit, the existing sector and the newly formed sector. This was the main reason why the industry started engaging in various conflicts. The service sector that was considered 'useless' in ALSTOM was promoted on 'managerial' post while the 'production' unit that consisted of the people who were considered as the real pioneers of the Industry, were merged with the newly formed staff. Any proposal suggested by the new comers and qualified staff was immediately opposed by the existing sector. ... This was the main reason why the industry started engaging in various conflicts. The service sector that was considered 'useless' in ALSTOM was promoted on 'managerial' post while the 'production' unit that consisted of the people who were considered as the real pioneers of the Industry, were merged with the newly formed staff. Any proposal suggested by the new comers and qualified staff was immediately opposed by the existing sector. The conflicts were not limited to the people alone, managers were also involved. Industrial unity began to fragile in the face of multiple pressures; some of them were even brutal which gave rise to the political involvement of managers which widened the potential scope of internal conflict and therefore threatened the basic industrial unity. As a result there started a cold war in two sectors which resisted unity simply as a means of self-protection. (Minkin, 1991, p. 8) The emergence of Uncertainty The existence of 'uncertainty' tended to further reinforce the sense of there being a political sphere distinct from the industrial world which is evident from the development of two distinct centres, the OEM and the newly emerged sector the one growing out of the other seemed to imply the acceptance of two orders and two sets of functions. All of this enhanced the possibility of political and employees' union role-playing in a way that accounts for much of the subtlety and flexibility of the organisational relationship. Walter's management was aware of the fact that ALSTOM was lacking experienced employees; therefore with the formation of OEM, ALSTOM hired capable employees. Inflexibility The more united the organisation, the better is its' structure in terms of flexibility. Walter perceived the two

The Battle :: essays research papers

The Battle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sun was touching the tree tops as it slowly descended in the horizon. Shadows were cast on the ground. The air was still hot and humid from the midday. A bit of a breeze was beginning to blow from the east sending a slight chill through our spines. We stepped unto the grounds and surveyed our surroundings. The playing field was perfect just like we had all imagined it would be. In the far distance there was woods along with a wide shallow stream. In front there was a field scattered with shields and barricades. We divided into units and went to gather up our gear. With our equipment in hand the whistle blows and friends become foes. Our mission was to survive, be the last team standing, we were to annihilate our opponents. With the signal given the war was under way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My teammates and I gathered together at our base. There we came up with a battle plan. We were to separate and head in different directions eventually meeting up at an undisclosed location where we would ambush the enemy’s base . After everyone was clear on the objective we split up and went out to battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I ran across the field to the nearest shield and collected my thoughts. I could hear the orders being shouted from my fellow comrades in the distance as they engaged in a brawl with the enemy, â€Å"duck, cover, fire, fire†. Soon the brawl ended with a small victory as they scattered out into the sunset. My heart was pounding in my stomach. The sounds of the earth were magnified in my ears. Then it came to me, this was a war, this was life or death. Shoot or be shot, the setting had changed. With the new thoughts in mind I held tightly onto my gun gathered all my strength and courage and charged into battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I made my way slowly and quietly into the deep woods, like a recon soldier. My mind and senses were focused on the enemy. As I made my way down the beaten path I spotted movement in a far bush. I dropped to the ground and pushed my body flat against the cold earth. After a few seconds of silence I knew that I had not been seen. I crawled around the bush so I could see my pray. She sat there so still she blended in with the green color of the leaves.

Constitutional Law of the European Union Essay

The European Court of Justice is the driving force behind European integration. The ECJ had elaborately defined the doctrines of supremacy and direct effect of the EC Law and provided remedies for damages caused by breach of EC Law by a Member State . Despite the initiatives of the ECJ, there have been conflicts between Community law and national law. Moreover, the ECJ made it clear that the EC law had supremacy over national law in the event of conflict as evidenced in the case of Costa v ENEL, wherein it held that a preliminary ruling by the Italian courts based on their national law would be of no significance. In Simmenthal, the ECJ clarified that the Community law was to take precedence over national law and that any provision of the national law that contravened the Community Law would be rescinded by it. Moreover, the ECJ prohibited the implementation of any national law that was in conflict with the Community law. The ECJ further ruled that no fundamental provision of any national law could challenge the supremacy of a directly applicable Community rule . This supremacy of Community law is one of the constitutive principles of the integration of the European Community legal order and it has been well embedded in the Treaty that established a Constitution for the European Union. The doctrine of supremacy of Community law, the principles of direct effect and uniform applicability are the primary ingredients of the Community. They are fundamental to the promotion of an effective Community legal order and form the unseen pillars of the European Constitution. Further, the doctrine of supremacy is the actual concrete personification of this constitutional power . The national constitutional courts of Member States found it very difficult to adopt the doctrine of supremacy and in the initial stages the Italian and German constitutional courts almost refused to adopt this doctrine into their respective national legislations, because they felt that they would be surrendering their power of constitutional review of secondary community law. Subsequently, the enlargement of the European Union provided a new paradigm to this doctrine of supremacy. This doctrine of supremacy was enforced by the ECJ in Costa v ENEL . This doctrine is a jurisprudential creation of the ECJ. Further, the Court clarified that the EEC Treaty had adopted a new legal system, which the Member States had integrated into their national legislation. Accordingly, the national courts were required to apply the Community law without any deviation and this generated a number of debates in the Member States. Ultimately, it was accepted by the Member States. However, total supremacy over the national constitutional provisions has not been achieved . In Frontini the Italian Constitutional Court had opined that the 1957 Act, which had accepted the provisions of the EEC Treaty, did not breach the Constitution. Moreover, the Italian court reserved to itself the right to review the continuing compatibility of the Treaty with the Constitution . In another case the Italian Constitutional Court, while accepting the precedence of Community law, maintained that the court had competence over any aspect of the relationship between Community law and municipal law . These decisions clearly established that the national constitutional courts had not completely accepted the supremacy of Community law. The German Constitutional Courts voiced their concern over the protection of fundamental rights in the decisions given in Solange I and II and introduced the concept of Kompetenz – Kompetenze. Even in the Banana case the German constitutional Court declined to give up its power to review secondary community legislation in order to protect fundamental rights . In the United Kingdom this doctrine created several problems, because the UK constitution bestows absolute power on Parliament. Further, the UK ratified a dualist policy concerning the relationship between international treaties and national law. Although such treaties were signed by the UK, they were not incorporated into the domestic law of the UK. In order to incorporate the treaties into national laws, the Parliament had to ratify them and this resulted in a problem in respect of accepting the doctrine of supremacy of Community law over national law. In the famous Factortame case the concept of the supremacy of Community law was subjected to a vast amount of discussion. In that case Spanish fishermen had argued that the norms for registering vessels under the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 were discriminatory and in conflict with the provisions of the EC Treaty. The House of Lords refused to grant any interim injunction against the Crown. The applicants in this case claimed that this would violate the Community law and the result was that a reference was made to the ECJ, which ruled in favour of these applicants. The ECJ further held that any piece of legislation in the national law that prevented a court from issuing interim relief would be tantamount to the violation of the Community law . The EOC case dealt with the suitability of the UK statute regarding unfair dismissal and redundancy pay in the broader context of the EC law . The UK law provided different benefits to employees working in full –time and part – time jobs. The appellant in the case, the Equal Opportunities Commission, opined that the statute was discriminating against female employees, which was in contravention of Article 141 of the EC Treaty and to other Community directives. The House of Lords held that the national legislation had violated the EC law and upheld the contention of the EOC. The approach of the European Court of Justice is at variance with the customary doctrine of precedent that is entrenched in domestic law. The objective of the ECJ is to bring about a European Union that follows the same law throughout its Member States and to this end it constantly endeavours to promote the EC Treaty. This could result in a change in the interpretation of legal principle over a period of time. Moreover, the ECJ bases its decisions on the extant circumstances and not on precedent. National courts of Member States in the European Union can obtain a preliminary ruling regarding the interpretation of European Union Law from the ECJ on the basis of the provisions inherent in Article 234 of the EC Treaty. However, it is not the primary objective of the ECJ to take decisions regarding the compatibility between the domestic and European laws. Further, it is also not the primary aim of the ECJ to apply the European Union Law to some specific facts of a case . The ECJ indicates the principle to be applied in a particular case and the case will have to be decided in the originating court, however, the ECJ ruling will have to be implemented by such a court. In the absence of an appeal from a national court, a reference will have to be made by the originating court, in case it is of the opinion that a clarification in respect of European Union Law is required. Nevertheless, there are instances where an ET, EAT or Appellate Court has to make a reference to the ECJ in order to pronounce judgement that is in accordance with the EU law. The function of the advocates general is to aid the judges in their judicial work. They do this by submitting analyses and recommendations regarding the issues raised in a particular case . In addition to the rights conferred on the nationals of the EU Member States by their respective national constitutions, the EU law comprises of another source that grants rights to them. As such the European Union law constitutes a legal system that in addition to being independent also, perhaps more importantly, takes precedence over the national laws of the Member States of the European Union. This European Union law comprises of treaties, which constitute primary legislation and regulations and directives that constitute secondary legislation. The importance of regulations is that they directly require compliance from the Member States without having to be codified into the national laws. However, in respect of the Directives, which are also legally binding, the onus of implementing them rests squarely with the Member States and these Member States have to do so by resorting to the relevant national law legislation on or before the final date set by the EU for such implementation. Accordingly, Article 189 of the European Economic Treaty states that â€Å"A Directive shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods. † The European Court of Justice, subsequent to taking cognizance of the fact that Directives have to be implemented by the Member States, declared that individuals were well within their rights to ensure the implementation of Directives even in the event of failure by the Member States to meet the deadline set by the EU. In addition, individuals were permitted to enforce such rights in the national courts. The Van Gend en Loos decision unequivocally established the fact that in addition to creating obligations for the Member States to implement the Directives it also creates rights for the individual citizens of these Member States . The right of the Member States and the European Commission to proceed against other Member States before the European Court of Justice does not prohibit the lodging of complaints by individuals against the Member State to which they belong in their national courts. In this context, the European Court of Justice ruled that Article 12 of the EEC results in direct effect, which in turn result in the creation of rights for individuals and that these rights had to perforce protected by the national courts. Consequently, individuals have been empowered to ensure that rights granted by the Directives are enforced in the national courts . The offshoot of this is that individuals can ensure the implementation of human rights by resorting to legal action. In the Becker case it was clarified that if there is unconditionality and adequate precision in the provisions of a Directive that bestows individual rights, then individuals can resort to such provisions to contest the relevant national law . Furthermore, in the Francovich case the European Court of Justice established a test in three parts, which was to be utilized in order to ascertain whether the provisions that were inherent in a Directive, were sufficiently precise and unconditional in creating a right that was applicable to individuals. The ECJ has to consider the identity of the persons who are supported by the guarantee and the content of the guarantee. The identity of the person in breach and who is liable to pay the guarantee has also to be ascertained. Private persons and institutes cannot be subjected to the provisions of the Directives, because it is only the state that is subject to the Directives. The decision in the case of Francovich served to establish that damages could be claimed by an individual in a national court, in the event of a Member State’s failure to implement a Directive properly. The ECJ clarified that the spirit of the European law and the protection of rights would become ineffective if an individual failed to secure compensation. Moreover, the States are required to implement Directives wholly and properly. The ECJ decided in Brasserie du Pecheur v. Germany that there must be a sufficiently serious breach by the State in order to determine its liability. This dictum applies to situations where national legislation is implemented improperly and inconsistently with a Directive. In order to determine whether Community law was breached with sufficient seriousness, it is sufficient to demonstrate that the Member State or Community institution had seriously and knowingly ignored the limits to its discretionary power. Some of the factors that the court has to consider are the exactitude and clarity of the rule that was breached, the amount of discretion allowed to the national or Community authorities, whether the damage caused was intentional or not and whether there had been any adoption or rejection of measures that were in violation of the Community law . Member States for whom the Directives are specifically issued should be bound by them. Sometimes Directives can be addressed to one Member State or a group of them, but in general Directives are addressed to all the Member States. The exception to this practice is in respect of Directives that pertain to Common Agricultural Policy. The European Commission initiates a binding legal action in situations where a Member State fails to incorporate the provisions of a Directive into their national legislation or if the national legislation fails to properly fulfill the requirements of the Directive. Previously, the Directives were not adequately binding upon the Member States in their implementation. To address this problem, the ECJ promoted the doctrine of direct effect. Thus even if a Member States fails implement the Directives there is legal initiation under the principle of direct effect. This was clearly established in the case of Francovich v Italy. In that case, the ECJ attributed liability to Italy for its failure to implement a Directive. The Easytalk was a private limited company that had been formed with help from the UK government. It was established in order to encourage students in the EU to come to the UK in order to learn English. This company advertised all over the EU universities by means of pamphlets, in which it was stated that the course instructors would be highly qualified scholars in English with a great deal of teaching experience. A Directive was issued by the EU that prohibited the issuance of advertisements that misled and imparted false information. This Directive was to be implemented by January 2007. However, the UK government failed to implement this Directive by this deadline and in effect this Directive had been ignored by the UK government, because the latter was of the opinion that this Directive was unlawful. Subsequently, a French student, Antoine came to the UK and registered for a course that taught English. However, once the classes commenced, Antoine realized that the faculty comprised of students who were not qualified teachers of English as a foreign language. On being approached, the institute where he had enrolled refused to refund the fees paid by him. The direct effect of directives has been restrained by the concepts of vertical and horizontal effect. Van Duyn and Ratti affirmed that directives only have vertical effect so that an individual who is affected by the states’ failure to implement a directive properly or not at all only has rights against the state and not against a non-state entity or other individuals, as the directive imposes the obligation of implementation upon the state. Therefore a horizontal limitation was placed upon the scope of the direct effect of directives. This principle was addressed in Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Health Authority , in which the applicant who was employed by the Health authority, was required to retire at the age of sixty – two years, while men doing the same work did not have to retire until the age of sixty – five years. Although under national law, by virtue of the Sex Discrimination Act, this was not discriminatory, she succeeded in her claim for unfair dismissal by relying on the Equal Treatment directive, which had not been implemented in the UK. This directive was sufficiently clear to have direct effect but the courts took the opportunity to confirm that a directive may not of itself impose obligations on an individual and that a provision may not be relied upon as such against such a person. Therefore since the health authority was an organ of the state, the directive had vertical direct effect. Since the respondent in this problem is a private limited company, the claimant cannot approach the Commission under the vertical direct effect. However, he can seek justice under the EU law by resorting to the procedure of indirect effect. Since, the UK government had not implemented the Directive; the claimant can approach the national courts of the UK to compel the government to apply the Directive. In respect of damages, the ECJ further held in R v H. M. Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications plc that parties who had sustained loss as a result of incorrect implementation of a directive by a state, could claim damages for the loss sustained on such an account. In contrast to this, if a state has failed to fulfill its obligations regarding Directives, whether by non-implementation or incorrect implementation, an individual cannot request invocation of the horizontal direct effect of a directive against another individual. Similarly the effectiveness of non-implemented or incorrectly-implemented directives that do not have direct effect through the horizontal limitation has been enhanced through the doctrine of indirect effect, which emerged from Von Colson . In this case the ECJ held that national courts are required to interpret their national law in light of the wording and the purpose of the directive so that the directive is given some effect despite the absence of proper domestic implementation. This principle may be used under two circumstances; first, where the defendant is a state entity but a directive is not vertically directly effective as its provisions are insufficiently precise, conditional and require further state action for their implementation. Second, the provisions of a directive could be indirectly enforced against a non-state entity i. e. it could be applied horizontally as between individuals. The court was confronted with a ‘horizontal’ situation in Marleasing , in which this position was confirmed. Therefore, if national law was in existence that could be read in conformity with a non-implemented directive, then an individual could enforce a legal remedy against another individual through the interpretative route without seeking to enforce the directive directly and encountering the barrier to horizontal effect. In respect of the Easytalk institute the claimant can file a case for breach of contract and false representation in the UK courts in order to obtain redressal for the loss, damage and frustration caused to him. The question arises as to whether the aggrieved individuals can claim damages against the state in the national courts. The ECJ clarified that the state had to pay compensation for the damages caused due to non – implementation of a Directive and that the conditions laid down for such claim of damages must not be less reasonable than what was specified for a domestic claim. Furthermore, the Member State should not unduly complicate the claim process.