Leadership is a process of getting things done through people - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4098 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? What is Leadership? Leadership is a process of getting things done through people. The quarterback moves the team toward a touchdown. The senior patrol leader guides the troop to a high rating at the camporee. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Leadership is a process of getting things done through people" essay for you Create order The mayor gets the people to support new policies to make the city better. It is said leaders are not made but are born. Great leaders will arise when there is a great need. These leaders are getting things done by working through people football players, Scouts, and ordinary citizens. They have used the process of leadership to reach certain goals. Leadership is not a science. So being a leader is an adventure because you can never be sure whether you will reach your goal at least this time. The touchdown drive may end in a fumble. The troop may have a bad weekend during the camporee. Or the citys citizens may not be convinced that the mayors policies are right. So these leaders have to try again, using other methods. But they still use the same process the process of good leadership. Leadership means responsibility. Its adventure and often fun, but it always means responsibility. The leader is the guy the others look to to get the job done. So dont think your job as a troop leader or a staff member will be just an honor. Its more than that. It means that the other Scouts expect you to take the responsibility of getting the job done. If you lead, they will do the job. If you dont, they may expect you to do the job all by yourself. Thats why its important that you begin right now to learn what leadership is all about. Wear your badge of office proudly. It does not automatically make you a good leader. But it identifies you as a Scout who others want to follow if youll let them by showing leadership. You are not a finished leader. No one ever is, not even a president or prime minister. But you are an explorer of the human mind because now you are going to try to learn how to get things done through people. This is one of the keys to leadership. You are searching for the secrets of leadership. Many of them lie locked inside you. As you discover them and practice them, you will join a special group of people-skilled leaders. Leadershi p was based on the study of people who are already great leaders. These people awere often from the aristocracy, as few from low classes had the opportunity to lead. This contributed from the notation that leadership something to do with breeding. We all recognize that some of the greatest leaders known to humanity have been the founders of various religions. The Buddha, Confucius, Jesus Christ, and Prophet Mohammad are fine examples of religious leadership. On the other hand, Alexander the Great, Chenghiz Khan and Napoleon Bonaparte, for instance, exemplify Personal leadership involves living in balance, living according to your personal values, accepting responsibility for their lives, living with a deep sense of purpose and striving towards a personal vision. Personal leadership is the foundation of all other leadership contexts, the bottom line is, if youre unable to lead yourself effectively, youll be unable to lead others effectively. Leader requires to manage team dy namics, manage team processes and personalities, in a manner that enables each team member, to contribute according to their unique abilities. Good team leaders develop teams consisting of individuals, where each individuals strengths compensates for anothers weakness, creating an aligned high performance team. Building upon the team leadership practice, Leadership creates alignment across teams, ensuring the successful execution of strategy. The practice of leadership is primarily about creating alignment, improving processes, staying focused, communication and developing relationships. I believe that good quality business unit leadership is essential to ensure the successful execution of organizational strategy. While there are not specific characteristics that define a leader, there are a number of qualities of leadership that can be seen valuable in leaders.   These include integrity, honesty, humility, courage, commitment, sincerity, passion, confidence, positivity , wisdom, determination, compassion, sensitivity, and a degree of personal charisma.   These are not things that make a leader, but they tend to be some of the qualities of a leader and are often shown by their actions. While leadership is largely about behavior, that behavior will never be different from others without the ability to act on new ideas.   A leaders ideas direct their actions, decisions and new behaviors.   Ideas are the only way to challenge things we currently do and belief and a great leader is able to shift and motivate people from a static life to one of great transformation changing views, beliefs and values.   All these changes ultimately lead to new an action which is what leadership is driving to change. Concepts Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. Thi s guide will help you through that process. To inspire your workers into higher levels of teamwork, there are certain things you must be, know, and do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. Good leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills; they are NOT resting on their laurels. Before we get started, lets define leadership. Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership attributes, such as beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledge, and skills. Although your position as a manager, supervisor, lead, etc. gives you the authority to accomplish certain tasks and objectives in the organization, this power does not make you a leaderit simply makes you the boss. Leadership differs in that it makes the followers want to achieve high goals, rather than simply bossing people around. Bass (1989 1990) theory of leadership states that there are three basic ways to explain how people become leaders. The first two explain the leadership development for a small number of people. These theories are: Some personality traits may lead people naturally into leadership roles. This is the Trait Theory. A crisis or important event may cause a person to rise to the occasion, which brings out extraordinary leadership qualities in an ordinary person. This is the Great Events Theory. People can choose to become leaders. People can learn leadership skills. This is the Transformational Leadership Theory. It is the most widely accepted theory today and the premise on which this guide is based. When a person is deciding if she respects you as a leader, she does not think about your attributes, rather, she observes what you do so that she can know who you really are. She uses this observation to tell if you are an honorable and trusted leader or a self-serving person who misuses authority to look good and get promoted. Self-serving leaders are not as effective because their employees only obey them, not follow them. They succeed in many areas because they present a good image to their seniors at the expense of their workers. The basis of good leadership is honorable character and selfless service to your organization. In your employees eyes, your leadership is everything you do that effects the organizations objectives and their well-being. Respected leaders concentrate on what they are [be] (such as beliefs and character), what they know (such as job, tasks, and human nature), and what they do (such as implementing, motivating, and providing direction). What makes a person want to follow a leader? People want to be guided by those they respect and who have a clear sense of direction. To gain respect, they must be ethical. A sense of direction is achieved by conveying a strong vision of the future. The Two Most Important Keys to Effective Leadership A Hays study examined over 75 key components of employee satisfaction. They found that: Trust and confidence in top leadership was the single most reliable predictor of employee satisfaction in an organization. Effective communication by leadership in three critical areas was the key to winning organizational trust and confidence: Helping employees understand the companys overall business strategy. Helping employees understand how they contribute to achieving key business objectives. Sharing information with employees on both how the company is doing and how an employees own division is doing relative to strategic business objectives. Styles of Leadership Effective leaders care not only about whether they win or lose, but also about how they play the game. In the end, the personal choice that we must make about whether to engage the mindset of authority or that of leadership can define our own future as well as the future of those around us. The talk saw th e leading industrialist underlining the difference between the authoritative and nurturing leadership styles as the hard and soft components of management. They thrive on a decision making process though a skillful exercise of combining analysis and comprehension of the matters at hand and beyond. Leaders understand challenges but they will not turn challenges into fears. They understand opportunity but will not turn opportunity into adventure. They have a total grasp of the delicate balance of risk and reward as they push ahead towards progress and prosperity. Styles Good leaders will use all three styles depending on all situations with only a minor difference to their natural style.   Poor leaders will generally stick with one style and not adjust for different situations limiting their influence greatly and it can be one out of these. Autocratic Participative Free reign Authoritarian style where are decisions are centralized as in dictatorship. No suggestion and advises are entertain or encouraged. It is a successful and practiced to provide strong motivations to managers in any organization. The outcomes are quick decision making as there is only one person to make decisions for ever one and it is retained to himself unless he feels the need to be shared. Democratic style is a style contrary to the above one. Here this style favors decision making by group as in leaders generates instructions after a consulting a group or group of professional. They can seek co-operation from a group or professional and motivate the m by their involvement in goals. The outcomes of the democratic leader are not serotype as with the autocrat because they arise from consultation with the group members and participation by them. Free rein style a free reign leader will lead by leaving the decisions to its subordinates i.e., they are given a free hand in deciding their own policies and methods. Different situation style can be applied in different situations. In an emergency where there is little time an autocratic style is best suitable however in a motivated and homogenous team democratic would be more suitable. The style adopted should be the one that most effectively achieves the objectives of the group while balancing the interests of its individual members. The practice of organizational leadership involves developing strategic direction, leading change and managing cultural transformation. Organizational leadership is crucial to maintain the fit between the external, fast changing, marketplace and th e internal organizational processes to build organizational resilience. The following is my list of the characteristics of a good leader. Vision leaders must have a good and clear vision. They must believe in them self and can motivate people in believing and following them. There vision for things is what it could be not what they are. Wise leaders have to go for critical calls are difficult points. A leader has to be wise and knowledgeable in order to make a correct call for a successful organization. They are strategic, wise and perceptive. Passionate good leaders are very passionate aabout their work and people. There obsession makes them entirely focused on what they do it may be sports hobby or business. They operate in a high level of passion that they get totally consumed in it. Compassionate good leaders have compassion for the people, employs and supporters. While these leaders have goals to accomplish, they consistently care for the individuals that support them. They are not selfish and have hear for people they follow. Charismatic most good leaders are charming and they draw the attention of the people by the way they talk and the way they carry themselves. They are excellent in building relations and maintaining them. Persistent they have strong will power towards their goal. They anticipate the problem towards their goals. They see that the advantage of attaining their goals is larger than that of the problems that occurred. This makes them intensely persistent individuals. Great communicators they are comfortable in public speaking and inspiring. They are great orator and persuaders. Integrity good leaders mean there words what they say. They dont play political games. Daring they are bold. A great leader saidcourage is the virtue on which all virtue rest on. Winston Churchill. Disciplined Most good leaders are very controlled in their goals. Where most would be simply distracted, good leaders discipline their minds to keep focused and steady regardless of the situation. 2 people whom I consider to be good business leaders are as follows: BILL GATES From Microsofts founding in 1975 until 2006, Gates had primary responsibility for the companys product strategy. He aggressively broadened the companys range of products, and wherever Microsoft achieved a dominant position he vigorously defended it. As an executive, Gates met regularly with Microsofts senior managers and program managers. Firsthand accounts of these meetings describe him as verbally combative, berating managers for perceived holes in their business strategies or proposals that placed the companys long-term interests at risk. He often interrupted presentations with such comments as, Thats the stupidest thing Ive ever heard! and, Why dont you just give up your options and join the Peace Corps? The target of his outburst then had to defend the proposal in detail until, hopefully, Gates was fully convinced. When subord inates appeared to be procrastinating, he was known to remark sarcastically, Ill do it over the weekend. Gates role at Microsoft for most of its history was primarily a management and executive role. However, he was an active software developer in the early years, particularly on the companys programming language products. He has not officially been on a development team since working on the TRS-80 Model 100 line, but wrote code as late as 1989 that shipped in the companys products. On June 15, 2006, Gates announced that he would transition out of his day-to-day role over the next two years to dedicate more time to philanthropy. He divided his responsibilities between two successors, placing Ray Ozzie in charge of day-to-day management and Craig Mundie in charge of long-term product strategy. Why bill gates Focus: Bill Gates has demonstrated over nearly thirty years the importance of clarity of thought and execution Thinking big: Along with focus, the ability to dream big and pursue that with single-minded determination sets Gates apart from other entrepreneurs. Passion: Simply put, if anything is worth doing, it is worth doing well. From a simple thank you note to a complex proposal, it is critical to place the stamp of excellence on whatever one undertakes. Learning as a life-long process: Though dropping out of college to his dreams, Bill Gates has probably read and written more than most of us ever will. Giving back to society: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has provided a new dimension to philanthropy by addressing issues that are global in nature malaria, cancer, AIDS. J R D TATA He is the honor of being Indias first pilot; was Chairman of Tata Sons for 50 years; launched Air India International as Indias first international airline; received Bharat Ra tna in 1992. JRD Tata was one of the most enterprising Indian entrepreneurs. He was a pioneer aviator and built one of the largest industrial houses of India. JRD Tata was born on July 29, 1904 in Paris. His mother was a French, while his father was Parsi. JRDs full name was Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata and he was popularly known as Jeh to his friends. JRDs father Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata and Sri Jamsetji Tata shared their greatness from the same great-great-grandfather, Ervad Jamsheed Tata, a priest of Navsari. JRD Tata was the second of four children. He was educated in France, Japan and England before being drafted into the French army for a mandatory one-year period. JRD wanted to extend his service in the forces but destiny had something else in store for him. By leaving the French army JRDs life was saved because shortly thereafter, the regiment in which he served was totally wiped out during an expedition in Morocco. Part-B Poor Communication The entire purpose of senior management is to set a direction for an organization and then translate that direction into a strategy and tactics to be executed by the organizations staff. For this to happen, a leader must communicate the direction and attendant strategy and tactics to the organizations staff. Some leaders fail to communicate at all. In such an environment it is impossible for staff to establish a coherent direction and the entire organization can only be expected to meander along under its own steam. Other leaders may say one thing with their words and another with their actions-frequently referred to as do what I say, not what I do. Such discrepancies between words and actions raise questions as to the leaders integrity and more importantly, his or her credibility within the organization. Sometimes a leader may decide to keep things secret, feeling that he or she is unable to trust his or her staff. Some leaders may decide that their position is dependent upon their k nowledge, and that they therefore cannot share any knowledge with others for fear of making themselves obsolete. In some organizations, decisions on personnel movements are made by a group of senior managers who are tasked with observing all employees throughout the organization, comparing their strengths and weaknesses and their suitability for any positions which may become available. The information gathered by this group is carefully guarded-restricted to the group members themselves and the senior figured within the Human Resources department. Such a secretive policy on succession planning leads to an uneven distribution of knowledge throughout the organization, to resentment from staff who feel they have been hard done by, and on more than one occasion when a corporate restructure came around, to the best and brightest leaving the organization because they either had no idea how much they were valued, or they had received inside information that they had been overlooked for promotion for ridiculous reasons. The poor communication skills of the leaders of this organization have directly led to the hemorrhaging of talent over the past five years. Office politics No individual is allowed to know what his or her prospects for promotion are, or which positions he or she may be being considered for. Usually, supervisors will not be told of the groups assessments of their direct reports. This complete lack of communication is broken only when either: office politics dictate that it would be beneficial for an individual to leak some information from the group; or An individual within the HR department tells one of their friends about the groups assessments because its a juicy piece of gossip. In fact, despite those locked into a negative stereotype of organizational politics, mastering organizational politics is a crucial aspect of leadership. The sad fact is how so many intelligent people dont understand how acting ethically can actua lly increase their influence. It provides  shark repellent to avoid becoming victimized  by organizational politics. The major structural groupings for subjects that emerged were the  avoiding politics group:  ~65-80%  (this group had three discernable subgroups),negative politics group:~15-25% and positive politics group:  ~5-10% of subjects. While people move in and out of the groups. The group structure remained fairly stable. The most significant mindset difference was the  rational systems view of the avoidance group and the  human systems  view of the two active political groups. There is also a  major mindset difference between the two active political groups. There is the win-lose, non ethical, upward focus, self interest, competitive, personal gain mindset of the negative politics group, versus the win-win, ethical, organization focus, enlightened self interest, collaborative, best interests of the business mindset of the positive politics group. In terms of  behavioral differences, major ones include the  high networking and constant small risking taking of the positive politics group versus the relatively low networking and risk avoidance of both other groups. The positive politics group have the higher innovation success rates and higher success factor indicators in terms of performance, and promotion. They are more likely to be viewed as leaders than the other two groups. There are not any major distinguishing factors between the positive politics group and the avoidance group in terms of personality, interpersonal skill, and intelligence. Negative politics did seem to involve an interpersonal skill in terms of manipulative skills such as of impression management in influencing both how they are perceived and how potential rivals are perceived. Team work Whether you are a team leader or a team member, teamwork is important. One of the e ssential components to an effective team is: Positive Corporate Culture In order to recruit long-term effective team members, the corporate culture of your organization must be positive, open, and invigorating. Potential team members will thrive in a challenging and creative work environment. Organizations with high turnover, negative attitudes, distrust, and secrecy will, at best, lose their best people and, at worst, make them a product of the destructive organizational climate. Positive corporate culture comes from the top down. Management is largely responsible for the type of culture that an organization develops. As a manager, you can help foster a good climate in several ways. First, you should always make your expectations of your team members clear. You can accomplish this with a thorough and detailed job description followed by personal discussions for clarification. Secondly, when delegating, always empower each team member. Make sure to give the team member the authority to make and carry out decisions that are required. Furthermore, always support and back up the decisions made by the team member. If you disagree with their decision, instead of chastising or reprimanding, coach the employee and help them to understand your reasoning. Politically correct language Most organizations are unaware of their culture as it pertains to ethics. Most employees would ask their leadership to define ethical behavior, and todays leadership would avoid such a question or give what they perceive is a politically correct answer. Dr. Ergun Caner (2004) said that, If something is politically correct it is usually morally corrupt. What he meant is, we are so obsessed with the correct response that we allow corruption to exist that may have an impact on others to avoid personal implication. so as a leader one should be careful when addressing groups or talking about others,uselanguage that would not cause any individual of any demographic(social or cultu ral) to feel excluded, offended or diminished. Definition of  NOSY Of prying or inquisitive disposition or quality:  intrusive As leader working in a multicultural environment often nosy coworker can be annoying. Most nosy people are unhappy or dissatisfied with their own lives. The solution is either Get to know them and let them talk on and on and on or avoid them. CONCLUSION Culture and leadership underscores the complexity of the leadership process and how it is influenced by culture. There is a Need for each of us to expand our ethnocentric tendencies to view leadership from only our own perspective and instead to open our window to the diverse ways in which leadership is viewed by people from different regions around the world. There are many ways to view leadership and the integration of culture, and studies of leadership help us to expand and develop a richer understanding of the leadership process. BIBLOGRAPHY (n.d.). Retrieved from https: //learnthis.ca/2009/01/leadership-understanding-what-it-is/ (n.d.). Retrieved from https://hubpages.com/hub/Good-Leadership-10-Characteristics-Good-Leader (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership (n.d.). Retrieved from https://rajesshcherian.wordpress.com/2008/11/25/dr-vijay-mallya-journey-of-an-entrepreneur-to-business-tycoon/ (n.d.). Retrieved from https://rajesshcherian.wordpress.com/2008/11/25/dr-vijay-mallya-journey-of-an-entrepreneur-to-business-tycoon/ (n.d.). Retrieved from https://blogs.hbr.org/krishnamurthy/2008/06/bill-gates-entrepreneur-manage.html https://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/docs/events/2005/Seminar_Vinayak_Rao_Paper.pdf

Much Ado About Nothing By Shakespeare, Benedick And Beatrice

Introduction Imagine hearing the news that your worst enemy is in love with you and cannot visualize a life without you in it. Many people will never encounter this situation in their life, but you can picture the conflicted feelings one might have after hearing this. The emotions might go from disgust to maybe sympathy or even believing that you reciprocate this love towards them. But deep down, is this a love worth pursuing? Can the love over power the habit of conflict or will the passion succumb to the constant battles between the two personalities.Some might say that love can overcome anything, but in reality, this relationship will be filled with conflicted emotions and opinions. Narration In Much Ado About Nothing by Shakespeare,†¦show more content†¦In Much Ado about Nothing, Beatrice and Benedick discover their feelings for each other by deception. Benedick is tricked into believing that Beatrice is in love with him and vice versa. A wedding follows the sneaky trick and although the love is clearly present, the disdain they hold for each other will never disappear. Humans are creatures of habit, therefore the bickering and mocking will continue throughout their lives together. Confirmation Beatrice and Benedick will never be at peace during their marriage The long history of snarky comments and the vulgar insults cannot be forgotten in just a couple of minutes. They got carried away with their emotions and their conversations turned into things that no one would ever say to someone they really liked. For example, at the masquerade party, Beatrice and Benedick speak to each other and while Beatrice is pretending not to know who is behind the mask she says in regards to Benedick , â€Å"Why, he is the Prince’s jester, a very dull fool† (2.1.131). She deliberately attempts to belittle him and crush him. Comments such as that may mitigate over the span of their relationship, but they will never end. When Claudio and Don Pedro purposely let Benedick eavesdrop on their conversation about the passionate sentiments Beatrice has for Benedick, the ball was set rolling for the romance between the two. Beatrice is told to call Benedick for supper and he attempts to flirt

Imat Free Essays

string(131) " reasoning it gives to support this conclusion, and think about any important point which is not actually stated in the reasoning\." THE ITALIAN UNIVERSITIES’ INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL ADMISSIONS TEST (IMAT) TEST SPECIFICATION In partnership with Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR) February 2013 Test Specification Test Format The IMAT will have the same structure as the existing Italian test. Candidates are allowed a total of 90 minutes to complete the test. Section 1 General Knowledge and Logical Reasoning (Critical Thinking and Problem Solving) 30 multiple-choice questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Imat or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sections 2, 3 and 4 Science-based sections, covering: Biology; Chemistry; Physics Mathematics. 30 multiple-choice questions. All questions have five options, of which one is correct. Candidates record their answers on a separate answer sheet. Candidates can also indicate if they have opted not to answer a question. Candidates are allowed 90 minutes to complete the test. Scoring A candidate’s total score is calculated using the following formula: 1. 5 points for each correct answer; -0. 4 points for each wrong answer; 0 points for each question not answered. An overall total score will be reported, together with a score on each section. Level of Difficulty The level of difficulty of the test items will be targeted to discriminate effectively between applicants, including those who may have achieved the highest possible grades in school examinations. Section 1: General Knowledge and Logical Reasoning (Critical Thinking and Problem Solving) Section 1 will assess general knowledge and the logical reasoning skills that students must possess if they are to succeed in a course of study at the highest level. Such skills are basic to any academic studies, which often require students to solve novel problems, or consider arguments put forward to justify a conclusion, or to promote or defend a particular point of view. General Knowledge General Knowledge questions may address a range of cultural topics, including aspects of literary, historical, philosophical, social and political culture. 1 The World Heritage Convention, adopted by UNESCO in 1972, aims to identify and maintain a list of sites that may be considered: A of exceptional cultural or natural importance B of outstanding economic value C to be characterized by a lasting peace D to be conventionally suitable for human settlement E to have exploitable energy resources Critical Thinking Critical Thinking involves reasoning using everyday written language. Questions focus on the skills involved in understanding and evaluating arguments. These include: drawing and summarising conclusions, identifying assumptions and reasoning errors, and assessing the impact of additional evidence. Summarising the Main Conclusion 2 There has been a decline in the rate of many of the illnesses of old age. The causes of this decline include such medical advances as new drugs and surgical techniques. There is, however, another factor. The present generation of 60- and 70-year-olds had much better nutrition as children than did their parents. Good nutrition in childhood is important for good health in adulthood. Since improvements in nutrition have continued over the past sixty years, we can expect that many of the illnesses of old age will continue to decline. W hich one of the following best expresses the main conclusion of the above argument? A W e can expect that improvements in nutrition will continue. B The rate of many of the illnesses of old age has declined. C Medical advances have significantly reduced the rate of diseases of old age. D The fall in the rate of many of the illnesses associated with old age will continue. E Improvements in nutrition have been very important in maintaining good health in old age. In this type of question you have to judge which one of the statements A to E best expresses the main conclusion of the argument. The conclusion can appear anywhere within an argument – not necessarily at the end. What you are looking for is the statement which follows from, or is supported by the rest of the passage. Drawing a Conclusion The demand for blood donors is increasing all over the world. In Western countries, in particular, demand has been rising so rapidly that shortages have begun to appear. In all such countries, demand is growing much faster than rates of growth in populatio ns aged 1865, and it is this group who are the major blood donors. And, despite a massive research effort to find alternatives, it rema ins true that in medicine there is no substitute for human blood. W hich one of the following conclusions can be drawn from the passage? A As the demand for blood has increased, so has the supply fallen. B The rate of growth of the blood-donor population has been slowing recently. C The increase in the rate of demand for blood is mainly due to population growth. D If more blood donors could be found, there would be no need to find a substitute for human blood. E The problem of the increase in demand for blood shows no sign of disappearing. In this type of question you are asked which conclusion follows from the information given. You need to consider each of the statements A to E, and to think about whether the information in the passage gives you good reasons to accept the statement. Identifying an Assumption 4 Success in modern America is very much measured by the quantity of material possessions one has. A lack of material possessions means one is judged to be unsuccessful. Those people with few material possessions therefore must feel a strong sense of failure. W hich one of the following is an underlying assumption of the above argument? A Most modern Americans are successful. B Success can be precisely measured. C Over-emphasis on material possessions creates social problems. D Excessive desire for material possessions is psychologically damaging. E People in America with few material possessions want to be seen as successful. An assumption is something which is not stated in the argument, but which is taken for granted in order to draw the conclusion. So you need first to identify the conclusion of the argument. Then look for the reasoning it gives to support this conclusion, and think about any important point which is not actually stated in the reasoning. You read "Imat" in category "Essay examples" Assessing the Impact of Additional Evidence 5 Zoos are entirely unsuitable places for animals. People visit zoos to learn about animal behaviour but the animals they see are likely to be behaving in abnormal and neurotic ways because of the cramped and unnatural conditions n which they are kept. Zoos should be closed and the money saved should be used for the protection of natural habitats. W hich of the following, if true, would most weaken the above argument? A Humans living in cramped conditions can also become neurotic. B Schoolchildren can learn a great deal about animals from visiting zoos. C Many of t he animals at present in zoos would not be capable of living in the wild. D The protection of natural habitats is very costly. E Zoos enable endangered species to s urvive by breeding them in captivity and then reintroducing them to the wild. This type of question will typically ask you to consider what would weaken or strengthen an argument. You need first to be clear about what the argument is trying to establish. Work out what the conclusion is, and then consider what effect each of the possible answers would have on the conclusion. Detecting Reasoning Errors 6 In order to succeed in academic examinations it is necessary to study. Therefore, if a student works hard in a particular subject, he or she shoul d do well when it comes to the examination. W hich of the following best describes the flaw in the argument? A It assumes that it is necessary to study in order to succeed. B It overestimates the value of studying in preparation for examinations. C It ignores the fact that some subjects are more academic than others. D It assumes that studying hard is a sufficient condition for academic success. E It ignores the fact that some students do not need to study very much in order to succeed. This type of question asks you to identify the flaw in the argument, which means that you must explain why the conclusion does not follow from the reasons which are given. So you need to be clear about what the conclusion is, and what reasons are meant to support it. Problem Solving Problem Solving involves reasoning using numerical and spatial skills. Questions are of three kinds, each assessing a key aspect of insight into unfamiliar problems. The three kinds are Relevant Selection, Finding Procedures, and Identifying Similarity. Although most questions fall into one category some questions fit into more than one of the categories. Relevant Selection 7 The following table gives figures for the percentage growth per year of labour productivity per person per year in various countries during three periods. Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Japan 8. 5 3. 0 3. 2 France 5. 4 3. 0 2. 6 United Kingdom 3. 6 . 5 2. 4 Belgium 3. 3 2. 8 2. 3 Sweden 4. 1 1. 5 1. 8 Denmark 4. 3 2. 6 1. 7 Italy 6. 3 3. 0 1. 6 Netherlands 4. 8 2. 7 1. 6 Germany 4. 5 3. 1 1. 6 United States 2. 2 0. 0 0. 8 W hich country’s percentage growth per year remained consistently greater than half of its Period 1 level in the following periods? A Belgium B Denmark C France D Germany E United Kingdom Ve ry often a real world problem will be overloaded with information, much of which is unimportant. This kind of question demands Relevant Selection, in which the task is to select only that information which is necessary and helpful in finding a solution. Finding Procedures 8 A child’s bus fare is cheaper than the adult fare but is more than half the adult fare. The total cost of a single journey for an adult and two children is â‚ ¬1. 20. Adult fares are all multiples of 10 cents. W hat is the adult fare? A 30 cents B 40 cents C 50 cents D 60 cents E 70 cents Sometimes you will find that even if you have selected all the relevant information, no solution presents itself. For this type of question, you have to find a method or procedure which you can use to generate a solution. Identifying Similarity 9 In this type of question you will be presented with information and asked to identify the same information presented in a different way, or a situation in which different information has a similar structure. Section 2: Biology The chemistry of living things The bio-elements. The biological importance of weak interactions. Properties of water. Organic molecules in living organisms and their respective functions. The role of enzymes. The cell as the basis of life Cellular theory. Cell size. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The cell membrane and its functions. Cellular structures and their specific functions. Cell reproduction: mitosis and meiosis. Chromosomes. Animal tissues. Bioenergetics The energy currency of cells: ATP. Transporters of energy: NAD, FAD. Oxidationreduction reactions in living things. Photosynthesis. Glycolysis. Aerobic respiration. Fermentation. Reproduction and Inheritance Life cycles. Sexual and asexual reproduction. Mendelian genetics. Basic laws and applications. Classical genetics: chromosome theory of inheritance; sex chromosomes, chromosome maps. Molecular genetics: DNA and genes, genetic code and its translation, protein synthesis. DNA of prokaryotes. The chromosome of eukaryotes. Regulation of gene expression. Human genetics: transmission of mono and multi-factorial features, hereditary diseases. New frontiers of genetics: recombinant DNA and its potential bio-technological applications. Inheritance and environment Mutations. Natural and artificial selection. Evolutionary theories. The genetic basis of evolution. Anatomy and Physiology of animals and humans Anatomy of the major organs and their functions and interactions. Homeostasis. Hormonal regulation. Nerve impulse. Transmission and processing of information. The immune response. Section 3: Chemistry The constitution of matter States of matter; heterogeneous and homogeneous systems; compounds and elements. The structure of the atom Elementary particles, atomic number and mass number, isotopes, electronic structure of atoms of the elements. The periodic table of elements Groups and periods, transition elements, periodic properties of elements: atomic radius, ionization potential, electron affinity, metals and non-metals; relations between electronic structure, position in the periodic table and properties. The chemical bond Ionic bond, covalent bond, bond polarity, electronegativity. Fundamentals of inorganic chemistry Nomenclature and main properties of inorganic compounds: oxides, hydroxides, acids, salts; position in the periodic table. Chemical reactions and stoichiometry Atomic and molecular weight, Avogadro constant, concept of the mole, conversion from grams to moles and vice versa, elementary stoichiometric calculations, balancing simple reactions, various types of chemical reactions. Solutions Solvent properties of water, solubility, the main ways of expressing the concentration of solutions. Oxidation and reduction Oxidation number, the concepts of oxidising and reducing agents. Acids and bases Concepts of acids and bases, acidity, neutrality and basicity of aqueous solutions, pH. Fundamentals of organic chemistry Bonds between carbon atoms; molecular, structural and displayed formulae; concept of isomers; aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons; functional groups: alcohols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides. Section 4: Physics Mathematics Physics Measures Direct and indirect measures, fundamental and derived quantities, physical dimensions of quantities, knowledge of the metric system and the CGS System of Units, Technical (or practical) (ST) and the International System (SI) of Units (names and relationships between fundamental and derived units), and multiples and submultiples (names and values). Kinematics Kinematic quantities, various types of motion with particular regard to uniform and uniformly accelerating rectilinear motion, uniform circular motion, harmonic motion (for all motion: definition and relationships between measures). Dynamics Vectors and operations on vectors. Forces, moments of forces about a point. Vector composition of forces. Definitions of mass and weight. Acceleration due to gravity. Density and specific gravity. Law of universal gravitation, 1st, 2nd and 3rd laws of motion. Work, kinetic energy, potential energy. Principle of conservation of energy. Fluid mechanics Pressure, and its units of measurement (not only in the SI system). Archimedes’ principle. Pascal’s principle. Stevino’s law. Thermodynamics Thermometry and calorimetry. Specific heat, heat capacity. Mechanisms of heat propagation. Changes of state and latent heat. Ideal Gas Laws. First and second laws of thermodynamics. Electrostatics and electrodynamics Coulomb’s law. Field and electric potential. Dielectric constant. Capacitors. Capacitors in series and in parallel. Direct current. Ohm’s law. Electrical resistance and resistivity, electrical resistors in series and in parallel. Work, Power, Joule effect. Generators. Electromagnetic induction and alternating currents. Effects of electrical currents (thermal, chemical and magnetic). Mathematics Algebra and numerical sets Natural numbers, integers, rational and real numbers. Sorting and comparison, scales and scientific notation. Operations and their properties. Proportions and percentages. Powers with whole and rational exponents and their properties. Roots and their properties. Logarithms (base 10 and base e) and their properties. Elements of combinatorics. Algebraic and polynomial expressions. Special products th of binomials, n power of a binomial, factorisation of polynomials. Algebraic fractions. Algebraic equations and inequalities of the first and second order. Systems of equations. Functions Basic concepts of functions and their graphical representations (domain, codomain, sign, maxima and minima, increasing and decreasing, etc. ). Elementary functions: whole and fractional algebraic functions, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions. Composite functions and inverse functions. Trigonometric equations and inequalities. Geometry Polygons and their properties. Circle and circumference. Measurement of length, area and volume. Isometries, similarities and equivalences in the plane. Geometric loci. Measure angles in degrees and radians. Sine, cosine, tangent of an angle and their significant values. Trigonometric formulas. Solving triangles. Cartesian reference system in a plane. Distance between two points and the midpoint of a segment. Equation of a line. Concepts of parallel and perpendicular. Distance of a point from a straight line. Equation of the circle, the parabola, hyperbola, ellipse and their representation in the Cartesian plane. Pythagorean theorem. Probability and Statistics Frequency distributions and their graphic representations. Concepts of random experiments and of events. Probability and frequency. Specimen Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics Questions 10 The diagram below shows a family tree of a condition known as nail patella syndrome (NPS). 1 3 4 2 5 7 6 8 9 Key female without NPS male without NPS female with NPS male with NPS W hich of the following pairs of individuals must be heterozygous for NPS? A 1 and 5 B 2 and 6 C 3 and 7 D 4 and 8 E 5 and 9 11 An oxide of iron has the formula Fe3O4 and contains both Fe 2+ and Fe W hich one of the following is the fraction of iron ions that are in the Fe 3+ 2+ ions. state? 1 /4 A 1 /3 B 1 /2 C 2 /3 D 3 /4 E 12 Below are four statements about thermal (heat) energy. 1 A substance can lose heat energy without its temperature falling. 2 Heat energy can pass through a vacuum. 3 Steam at 100 C has more heat energy than the same mass of boiling water o at 100 C W hen a container of water is cooled near the top, a convection current is set up in the water. 4 o W hich statements are true? A 1, 2 and 3 B 2, 3 and 4 C 1, 2 and 4 D 1, 3 and 4 E all of the statements 13 The longest side of a right angled triangle is 6 One of the shorter sides is 3+2v5 units. W hat is the length of the third side? A B 2v3 70+24 5 C 12 D 3 ? v5 E 14 +7. 5v5 v5 units. How to cite Imat, Essay examples

The Luddites Anti-technologists

Question: Please describe the views of a Luddite and discuss any similarities between the Luddites of the 19th century and the neo-Luddites of today. What objections do they have to technology? Who are today's Luddites? Answer: Generally, the views of a Luddite are opposed to new or developing technology, since they consider it as a threat for humanity (Binfield, 2015). Both the Neo-Luddites and the Luddites of 19th century not only consider technology as a threat for the community but also emphasize on simple living. The Luddites of the 19th century opposed to the introduction of new machinery to increase the productivity of a particular industry, proving their methods obsolete (Jones, 2013). The Neo- Luddites of today on the contrary, object to certain materialistic technologies, which pose as a threat for the common good. References Binfield, K. (2015).Writings of the Luddites. JHU Press. Jones, S. E. (2013).Against technology: From the Luddites to neo-Luddism. Routledge.

Public Speaking Class In School Essays - Political Science, Politics

Public Speaking Class in School Have you ever thought of taking a public speaking class in school? If you haven?t I highly suggest that you do because it will increase your ability to communicate with other human beings and just make it easier. Today, I will be talking about a couple of abilities that you can greatly improve by taking a simple introductory course in public speaking. I will be talking about the importance of a good attention getter, a clear presentation of your points, and eye contact with the audience. First, I will talk to you about the importance of a good attention getter, but before I can do that I will need to explain what an attention getter is. An attention getter is the very first words that exit from your mouth in a speech and these words are used to captivate the audience?s attention and make them believe that your speech is going to be worth listening to. Now you might ask why is this important. This is essential in your speech because the worst thing that can happen in a speech that you are giving is for someone to fall asleep or to have people totally ignoring what you have to say after you spent a lot of time coming up with all your information. Now, I will talk about the importance of introducing your points clearly. This part of your speech is called the preview. The preview is basically a list of all your main ideas of the speech in the introduction. For example, if your speech is about baseball your preview might go like this: today I will be talking about the history of baseball, the highly talented players and some of the great records that will never be broken. The preview is vital because it presents your ideas clearly and to the point. It?s very bad when at the end of your speech the audience has no clue what you were trying to say or what material you were presenting. The last fundamental idea that you will learn by taking a public speaking class is the importance of eye contact. Eye contact is pretty self-explanatory in that it is basically looking at your audience for about 60-75% of your speech. According to Samovar Mills, our eyes are capable of sending innumerable messages. They can show what type of emotional state we are in and they can prove that we are sincere about our topic. Eye contact is a very little thing in a speech, but it will let you know how your audience is reacting to your speech and that will tell you what you need to do for the rest of your speech to grab their attention. Today I talked about a few of the important techniques that you will learn by taking a general public speaking class. I talked about the importance in having a great attention getter, why a preview of your main points are important, and how the use of eye contact can send ?hidden messages? and that it allows for the speaker to examine his or her audience?s reaction to their speech. After telling you about these few concepts, I hope that next quarter you will find it very beneficial to take at least one public speaking class because it WILL improve your communication with other human beings and according to Megan Mahoney, ?You can not not communicate?. Bibliography none

Ancient rome essays

Ancient rome essays Romes cities were the greatest of the ancient world, and many cities have survived and become modern metropolises. Others did not survive, such as the buried city of Pompeii, whose destruction by volcanic ash froze it in time for over a thousand years. Aspects of everyday life can be seen from Roman cities- the social, economic, political, and religious. The most obvious Roman social custom that can be studied through archaeology is the attraction to huge spectacle entertainments. Pompeii had its own amphitheater long before the capital city did. This custom seems to have begun in the provinces. Large public buildings were filled with people ready to see gladiatorial fights, Greek dramas, public executions, and chariot races. The games in Rome were only held on certain days, decided by the emperor, but people were very passionate about their favorite racing teams and gladiators all the same. The spectacles were also places where people could shout petitions to the emperor, gamble on the races, and flirt with one another. As celebrated by the poet Ovid, the sexes were not segregated at the racetrack. In terms of cleanliness, every city would have one or more public baths. The Romans were very clean people. Their bathhouses included a warm room, a hot room, and a cold room. Baths were segregated by male or female, but as fa r as we can tell, public toilets were not. In regards to economics, Pompeiis main trade was the wool trade, although it also was a producer of wine. Eumachia made her fortune in the wool trade and was the richest woman in Pompeii. She built the building that housed the business, and a statue in her likeness was discovered in it. Other cities and provinces throughout the empire provided other products, such as: glass from Italy, purple dye from Tyre, and grain from Egypt. The fertile Nile Valley was the breadbasket of the empire. The vast empire used money to trade, and not a barter s...

American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

American History - Assignment Example After the General Order 147 was implemented litters were used in a more effective and accurate manner. Surgeon General Hammond attracted Secretary’s attention to the deteriorating situation with the ambulances and deaths of wounded soldiers on the battle fields. General Hammond suggested that medical department should be in charge of the whole medical organization. He backed up his argument by bringing various examples of wounded dying from starvation and insufficient system of rescue. General suggested several ways how to improve the medical organizational structure by guiding the work of ambulances, surgeons and nurses. Medical measures undertaken during the battle of Antietam and many others proved their effectiveness. Medical personnel were able to rescue people from the battle fields faster than before thanks to the effective use of ambulances. The number of casualties was minimized: ambulance corps worked effectively both on the battle field and work of surgeons was

Social Inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Inequality - Essay Example Of the three Weber's stratification theory appears to be the most accurate prediction while Marx's class theory could not prove itself in modern society. Durkheim's functionalist theory also had predicted somewhat similar characteristics and problems that exist in our society today. . Marx visualized that the historical change would be identical to the changes in relation to class conflicts. He overemphasized the fact that there will be no progress if there are no class conflicts. Due to the industrial revolution, all social order, i.e., master craftsmen, journeymen, and apprentices were abolished. Marx argues that class struggle between oppressing and oppressed classes is essential for a modern social change. Apparently he could not devote much time to analyze and describe the life of the middle class (the class between bourgeoisie and proletariat) and said that 'they are small part of the ruling class but later join proletariat, the revolutionary class.' That appears to be contrary to the existing social dimensions, where the middle class has become one of the dominant one. Over the years many of Marx's predictions were proved wrong, for example: class polarization, instead of conflicts between two main classes like what Marx argued, today our society doesn't appear to be a complex one with the emergence of middle class population in the absence of class conflicts. Another failed prediction of Marx's prediction was concentration of capital. Capital is not confined to capitalists only, but with growing numbers of ambitious smaller to medium sized entrepreneurs, the property ownership has spread to different segments of the society. Anyone having some starting money can invest it in their own business. Weber's stratification theory, on the other hand, presents multidimensional causes of social inequality in relation to several conflicting groups. He argues that there are various stratified social group in society based on class, status and party. And these different groups create a kind of social inequality. Class is determined by economic order whereas status is determined by styles of life. The party consisted of people have political power. Like Marx, Weber also recognizes the significance of class struggle that is related to market exchange. Therefore, class does not comprise of just one group but virtually consisted of various kinds of economic class. According to Weber, the economic classes tend to be confined to four different social classes in capitalist society. There are propertied classes, property-less non manual class, petty bourgeoisie and manual working class. As compared to Marx's class theory there are two middle classes in Weber's kind of society. The property-less non manual class and the petty bourgeoisie form the middle class in Weber's theory. Petty bourgeoisie are people who own their own production such as small manufacture, business, or farm. The non manual working class i.e, the so called white-collar worker, are people who had education and trained to become professional worker receiving wages in return of their work. The status groups consisted of people who have social honor or authority. They have a tendency to distinguish themselves from outside of their status groups. Lastly party is designed to achieve communal action. Weber's stratification theory represents today's social inequality by introducing various stratified

Banking Law Confidentiality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Banking Law Confidentiality - Essay Example This rule was primarily established to protect customers' right to privacy and enhance their security. It should be noted, however, that the banker's duty of confidentiality is not absolute or impenetrable. In the English Common Law, safeguards, thru the Tournier principles, are provided in order to ensure that obstruction of justice is forestalled. Based on the case of Tournier v National Provincial and Union Bank of England (1924), a bank can legally disclose information about its customer, conditions of which are as follows ("The banker's duty of confidentiality to the customer"): Many argue that client confidentiality has many loopholes and impedes investigation conducted by the police and other public bodies since the right of these administrative agencies to order disclosure is limited. This duty is also criticized for acting as a "cloak" for criminal activities (Cranston). Overriding client confidentiality without court order can only be obtained for the purpose of detection of crime or the apprehension or prosecution of offenders. The standard procedure for obtaining information under this directive is through a letter addressed to the bank's Controller of Information. Should the Controller of Information deem that the grounds mentioned are unsatisfactory then the bank is not obligated to disclose information about its customer ("Legal Update"). However, this does not provide a strong justification as to how the duty of confidentiality as a form of interference in pursuing administrative tasks. This is because a court order may be obtained for the required disclosure. Provided that the local court, in view of the balance of probabilities, deems that a criminal offence has been committed, then a court order is issued for the release of bank information (Cotterill). This procedure is also a form of check on the potential abuses of power by police, investigators, regulatory agencies and other government officials. This has happened previously in Switzerland during the Nazi regime. Nazi agents bribed bank employees to violate the confidentiality of bank clients. When the identities of depositors were revealed, the agents demanded their assets under duress. The agents threatened that the depositors' relatives in Germany would be reprehended (Cranston). To prevent this and other forms of abuse of power and corrupt practices from affecting the banking system and compromise the security and rights of clients, consent from the judiciary through the release of court orders is required. Furthermore, the English Common Law recognizes that disclosure of client information, where the Tournier principles do not apply, may result in serious losses specifically if the customer is running a business. This is because business information is deemed to be commercially sensitive based on its market value (Cranston). It may also cause distress, embarrassment or inconvenience of customers. In such

Plan to Develop Business Communication Skills

Plan to Develop Business Communication Skills Design ways to improve appropriateness Appropriateness reflects tact or politeness and is defined as â€Å"the voidance of violating social or interpersonal norms, rules, or expectation (Kova, 1997). Communication competence may be achieved by choosing the most appropriate channel, and the one that will be effective or accomplish one’s goal (Kova, 1997). The chosen channel may be an effective way to achieve the goal, yet it may not have a required degree of social presence or richness. The perceived appropriateness and effectiveness of five communication channels were design to improve communication within Simplicity Pastry such as meeting, conference, workshops, email, and video conferences (Kova, 1997). Workshops: One of the most pressing issues within Simplicity Pastry is the need to improve communication interpersonal skills (Kova, 1997). Effective communication skills are a core competency at all levels especially senior management team, department teams, sales force, and customer service. Workshop can be use to improve simplicity communication level among employee (Kova, 1997). Simplicity Pastry Company will offer interactive workshops customized for their clients that address their specific and unique issues. While this workshop is part of the communications solution, the other part of the solution rests with the participants. If they want to become more effective in interpersonal communication, they must be willing to work and not just during the workshop, but after the workshop. The workshops goal should be at the center of all planning. Creative exercises will get everyone relaxed and involved, and dont forget to follow up afterward: Although it can be scary to hear what pe ople really thought of all your hard work, it will only improve the next event and the business. The workshop will train staffs and enhance their knowledge and skills in communication. Conferences: An annual conference will bring together agents, specialists and REC staff for informal networking, program planning and formal educational opportunities that meet the organization’s and individual’s needs (Kova, 1997). Conferences provide time for annual program planning work. Simplicity Pastry will have a good amount of time to work on their program plans and update information listed on their website. The conference will also provide an annual education experience related to the mission of Simplicity Pastry the and thus comply with federal requirements for annual educational in-service (Kova, 1997). Meetings: The purpose of the all-staff meetings is to continue to enhance and promote two-way communication among all staff in order to highlight and provide information regarding organizational wide objectives, values and ideals (Kova, 1997). The primary benefits of getting together once or twice a year helps to maintain and build community among staff. Other benefits of meetings are: To improve communication and employee relations between all division groups within Simplicity Pastry, opportunities to celebrate successes and provide recognition to deserving and committed staff and it is an ideal time to solicit staff input on future organizational development activities (Kova, 1997). Meeting helps to boost productivity of businesses because it give the staff opportunities to voice their opinion, resolve issues before conflict arise and so forth. E-mails: Electronic mail (e-mail), by its very design is suited to serve as one of the most practical communication mediums available. It can be used for all communication inside the organization if employed properly (Kova, 1997). Sending and Receiving e-mail to and from Simplicity Pastry will be a very simple task (if employees can manage the typing). Simple tasks like acknowledging receipt of e-mail and responding quickly can make communication through e-mail very efficient (Kova, 1997). However Simplicity can make e-mail easier for all it stakeholders by putting mechanism into place such as: setup auto responders to indicate that our e-mail client has indeed received the mail read e-mail, act appropriately, set ourselves time-limits to respond to/comment on e-mail request to be removed from a communication list which we are not involved in (the process or the communication), to avoid false perception to the rest use e-mail to backup conversation or communication of any other sort Video conferencing: A video conference is a faster way to communicate with stakeholders of Simplicity Pastry. In case of any emergencies or long distance for example an investor cannot make it to a meeting base on certain circumstances a video conference call would be suitable to conduct the meeting without any missing information (Kova, 1997). Journeying to distant location to engage in face-to-face interactions with customers, partners, and colleagues is a time-honored business ritual but can be eliminated by communicating over video. With vast improvements in quality, availability, and ease of use, and with the ability to interact and share content in high definition, today’s video conferencing is as close to â€Å"being there† as one can get without actually making the trip. Travel reduction is the easiest expense to calculate when determining ROI of a video conferencing investment within Simplicity Pastry. Implement improvements to ensure greater integration of systems of communication in that organization Simplicity Pastry wants to ensure that they achieve full integration and usage of video throughout your organization. Although there are clear tangible benefits to the usage of video, some employees will require additional encouragement and training to integrate video into their working lives. Through key learning from customers steps were identified to help achieve success in the implementation of video conferencing system within Simplicity Pastry. Simplicity Pastry will need to Securing Executive Sponsorship once Simplicity Pastry has made the decision to purchase video communications and installed the equipment, it is essential that Simplicity Pastry secure an Executive Sponsor to invest in the technology. Training is a vital in any organization therefore Simplicity Pastry should ensure that employees feel comfortable enough with video to start using it as soon as it is deployed and keep using it. A great way to expose Simplicity Pastry staff to video is to hold Open Days or organize a 30 minute training session for all employees, walking them through the basics of placing a call. The implementation of Workshops will help to motivate staff. This is a great way for Simplicity staff to gain knowledge and information that will be beneficially to both the company and stakeholders. On the other hand conference and meeting is a great way to get feedback from staff. As this show how important their opinion are to the business success. Meeting will also give a fast respond to questions ask as well as reaching consolvement without or before conflict arises. Meeting also encourages collaboration and engagement of staff. This makes staff feels involve in decision making. By implementing all the improvements, Simplicity Pastry will enjoy a range of benefits such as increase in employee productivity, increase productivity of the business, measurable return on investment for stakeholders, improve brand image, build strong relationship among staff, management and suppliers and so forth. Create a personal plan to improve own communication skills Before the researcher starts to create a personal plan to improve own communication skills the researcher must understand the two aspects of simplicity pastry. These aspects are the context which is the environment which the researcher works both internally and externally, and finally the content which is the role of the researcher within Simplicity Pastry. The researcher must also know the PEST FACTORS which will affect the organization externally The content in which the researcher works was that the researcher has to know the polices and rules and regulation of simplicity pastry in order to carry out the task given. While the context in which the researcher works was to identified the factors that will affect Simplicity Pastry externally by doing an environmental scan. The factors that affect Simplicity Pastry are Political factor which deal with government laws and regulation of the country that all business has to adhere to. For example when the government raises taxes on food product this will affect Simplicity Pastry because it will only force them to raise the price of their product and consumer may complain and seek other alternative. With that said Simplicity Pastry will not get the chance to sell their product as they feel necessary because of the laws and regulation of the country. An economic factor that may affect Simplicity Pastry is that base on the recession crisis that Jamaica is facing Simplicity will feel the effect of it strongly. Not just that but with the devaluation of the Jamaica dollars people are complaining about finding food to support themselves and that there is no job in the country. Social factors that might affect Simplicity Pastry Through an analysis of customers and potential customers, their changes in attitudes, lifestyles and opinions, were discovered that the classic wedding cake is a tradition of the past and is still trending in the 21century however the research as shown that the cupcake industry is a growing empire to replace old traditions. Technology factors this factor can affect Simplicity in the most dramatic way. Technology is what is trending in the 21 century, therefore technology is use to communicate with customers and employees, and even suppliers. Technology is essential to any organization because it’s a way o f communicating to the audiences. Five major strategic goals of Simplicity Pastry are as follows: Increase profits and reduce expenses: Simplicity Pastry has been spending a certain amount for office supplies, insurance premiums, rent and other expenses which why simplicity needs to cut back on spending. Increase Productivity: building relationship with employees will motivates them to work hard. Offer employees 40 percent of their daily wage for each sick or personal day they dont take because giving back will let them know that they are apart of the organization and that their work in appreciated. Simplicity pastry can also implement training program for staff. Add a wellness program to keep employees healthy and working. Create a Brand: Its critical for Simplicity pastry to be different from the competitor. A catchy slogan or flashy ad or promotion wont do it. Therefore simplicity needs to position their product as one that provides benefits to their specific target market. Knowing as much as you can about your customers is key to attracting them. Increase product line and create new products: in the new 10 year simplicity pastry want to see itself making more product to satisfied it consumers Gain competitive advantage over competitor: simplicity see it being the Jamaica’s number one pastry business in the eyes of all. Provide quality service to customer. Eight (8) competences requirements needs of Simplicity Pastry are as follows. Managerial Competencies: good leadership skill are require to simplicity pastry Coordination: things put in place Problem solving: staff who can solve problem Integrity: trust Decision- making: precise and accurate Good time management: good time management is needed to accomplish the goals of simplicity pastry as this will decided on the time the goals are achieve Effective communication: this is needed so that staff don’t misinterpret the message Smart objectives: simplicity pastry needs objectives that are specific, measureable, achievable, realistic and timely. The personal skills are skills that one learn while growth up. However those skills can be put into practices and make good use of them these skill are needed within an organization to make good decision and to help solve problem that the organization is facing, but according to an employee of Pastry Passion Personal skills is the ability to manage personal reactions to responsibilities and challenges in work and life. This involves managing your time (time management) and adapting to changing situations. While on the other hand professional skills are Skills needed to achieve organization. These skills are needed to overcome obstacles within simplicity pastry.

Limitations of Interpersonal Communciation Research :: essays research papers

When taking a limit of an equation in Calculus, a limit does not always exist. However, in the real word there are always limitations to what people can accomplish no matter how hard they work or try. These limitations are evident in interpersonal commuciation research as well. In the article, "Commucication Apprehension Among Secretarial Students," the authors, Melanie Booth-Butterfield and Carol C. Thomas, research and examine the levels of trait communication apprehension among students enrolled in college level office administration programs. In the following paragraphs I will discuss the process and two limitations of the research. In the article, the authors seek to investigate communication apprehension among secretarial students. Communication apprehension is an individual’s level of fear or anxiety associated with communicationg with others (Booth-Butterfield & Thomas, 1995, pp. 39). The methodological framework utilitized by the authors was to administer questionnaires during regular class time in four different sections. This survey included a measure of trait communication apprehension and anxiety across four different areas of interpersonal, small group, meeting and public speaking. In addition, the questionnaire asked for the age and whether the participants have had experience in a co-op role or as a secretary for a regular business. The participants of the questionaire were 117 random students enrolled at a four-year, technical business-oriented college. Of these students, 58 were female students enrolled full-time in office administration courses. The remaining students were not secretarial students but were enrolled in business administration, management, and communication courses. The results of the survey clearly showed a higher communication apprehension among secretarial students than non-secretarial students rergardless of age or job experience. Furthermore, secretarial students showed anxiety in all four areas of communication especially in public speaking. In conlusion to the research, the authors say that the anxiety experienced by many office adminstration students should be observable and will substatntively influence their performance in classes and on the job (Booth-Butterfield & Thomas, 1995, pp. 39). Although this communication apprehension research seems reasonable, limitations include the type of data used and the relationships or generalizations that are drawn between certain variables. To begin with, the methodological framework utilized by the author is in the form of a questionairre. A questionairre is basically a test to see how one thinks of his or herself and is not necessarily accurate. For example, an individual may think he or she is apprehensive to communication but when actually confronted with the scenerio may perform rather well and without any fear or anxiety. Perhaps a better methodological approach in gathering data is to setup an actual communication setting and have the participants perform to the communication task. The data should be based on the performance as well as feedback from the participant to see if the communication apprehension was

Conflict management in a team

Definition of ConflictRelationships among social entities may become inconsistent when two or more of them desire a similar resource that is in short supply; when they have partially exclusive behavioral preferences regarding their joint action; or when they have different attitudes, values, beliefs, and skills. â€Å"Conflict is the perception of differences of interests among people† (Thompson, 2001). Another definition of conflict would beâ€Å"Conflict is a process of social interaction involving a struggle over claims to resources, power and status, beliefs, and other preferences and desires. The aims of the parties in conflict may extend from simply attempting to gain acceptance of a preference, or securing a resource advantage, to the extremes of injuring or eliminating opponents.† (Bisno, 1988)The theme of conflict has been with us and has influenced our thinking from time immemorial. It received different degrees of emphasis from social scientists during variou s periods of history. Conflict resolution is a tool that can be used in most situations and with most types of disputes. If everyone thought the same, looked the same, and acted the same, conflict would probably not exist. On one hand, the diversity and differences between team members can enhance the intellectual and cultural aspects of a project. But, on the other hand, these same differences can escalate issues if specific guidelines are not set to help avoid them.Levels of ConflictUnderstanding the different types of conflicts will make it easier to manage the conflict situations. Conflicts will occur with indifference to our best intentions. There is no one fits all solution the will specifically deal with every type of team conflict that can exist. The ability of the team members to effectively identify and apply the appropriate resolution is critical to the success of the teams' defined goals. Although conflicts will arise, it is possible to resolve conflicts and disagreement s by clarifying expectations, keeping open communication, and encouraging feedback among its members. The diversity of ideas, talents, and experience with a team is the focal difference between working independently and as part of a group.A team is a group of people who work together to achieve a common goal. Members of teams should focus on the successful fruition of the defined goal or goals, not only of the individual but, more importantly, the team as a whole. To have a successful team we need to consider certain factors. First, what is the character and personality of each member? Understanding the nuances of your partners is beneficial when working to complete individual and joint tasks. Members need to be responsible for the task and or tasks they are assigned.A breakdown in responsibility can be detrimental to the defined common goal or goals and team unity. The members need to clearly understand the common goals as defined by the team and the best organizational way to achi eve it. If each member is not working in at least a general sense of unison, the defined goal may never come to realization. Timetables play a vital role in achieving team-oriented goal. (Kheel, 2001) Members should be able to follow the timetable that has been set to complete their task or to the best of their ability within the allotted time.Team members need to work together to resolve any conflicts that may occur between them. It is critical to the team that individuals work openly together to help each other solve problems that are affecting the team or one of its members. Each member is different. They do not think the same and have differing opinions, which may cause clashes. Team members have to learn how to recognize these situations and correct them before they become problems that will be irresolvable by the group. Problems should be resolved in a way that is in the best interest of the group and does not alienate one member for another. The team needs enough comradery an d responsibility to accomplish its task and implement its ideas.Team work and group interrelations are not as simple as people think, but can me made easier if all the members strive to stop conflict before it becomes detrimental to the team. (Cloke, 2000) The productivity of a team may be affected in both positive and negative ways. It is up to the team members to determine which one it will be. Group activities and tasks will be more professional and well rounded in their entirety if the individuals in the group are able to consciously and fully commit to turning any conflict that arises into a source of constructive learning that will bring the group closer and make the task more enjoyable.Conflicts or disagreements can occur with our spouse, kids, family, friends, co-workers and neighbors. It may happen for almost any reason, but most often the reasons are related to politics, religion, personal beliefs or culture. Conflicts may occur due to personality differences, or one of th e members may not like other member. Conflicts can be the cause of a lot of disparity in a group, but if managed correctly it can be the cause of a tremendous amount of comradery and friendship. It is up to the members of the group to think before they act or speak to help make sure that any comments or thoughts will not be taken out of context. The same members also need to listen to their other group members with an open mind and try not to take what others say personally.Conflict among team members can be constructive or destructive depending upon how the team resolves the discord. The background, lifestyle and work ethic differ from team member to team member, but these unique qualities should not overpower the teams' defined goals. Having heated and insulting discussions will jeopardize the quality of the teams work and negatively impact the desired goal. Each member should take care to understand that personal opinions and feelings are by in large for the betterment of the tea m. Members should express their ideas freely so they can be openly discussed with the team.Once the team begins to discuss the main point or points of conflict, each member should provide input into a prudent way to achieve the desired outcome for the team. It is always important in these discussions to consider other members' opinions and concerns. Take one issue at a time; discuss it, brainstorm different solutions and attempt to resolve your conflict through positive communication. Conflicts, like team members, have many differences.Some members may choose to avoid controversial issues, while others may have their own personal agenda with the project. Numerous types of disagreements and conflicts can occur on the road to achieving the teams' defined goal. Members may personally believe that their opinions are inferior to other members or the team as a whole. These individual feelings will cause friction between members if not addressed in an open and positive manner. Conflict in inescapable but understanding your teammates can help promote a better working team.Causes of ConflictUsually we deal with people from different backgrounds, and age disparities, which may cause conflict because of differing lifestyles and life experiences. Older people believe that they have more experience and are wiser. Young people want to do things in their own way; many times they choose ways just to be stubborn. Young people are more open to take risks, sometimes unnecessarily.We don't see or think about things in the same way. Everyone believes that his or her point of view is correct. Some people refuse to understand or accept other people's opinion or points of view. There are some close-minded people who do not accept the changes that occur in life. It is difficult to deal with people that are like this. Disagreement does not have to be disrespectful or harmful to a team or an individual.Many times we can not understand why people do things, until we know something about their past life, background or their environment, both culturally and socially. Each team member has his or her own experiences to draw knowledge and insight from in their everyday lives. People need to learn from their experiences in life and work. Every event that takes place in our lives helps make us the people that we are. These events shape our beliefs, actions and feelings about almost everything we talk about or do.When in a team environment it is essential that we enter into an open forum discussion with an open mind. We need to be open to other people's feelings and beliefs, even if they differ from our own. Many people will share the same opinions about some ideas, and each will add some of their own experience, knowledge and beliefs into the discussion. Differing opinions can easily cause problems, but if the group or individuals are open and understanding to other people's thoughts and beliefs, major conflicts can be avoided. Even if the members never agree completely, there can be a happy medium. The world would be a very boring and sad place if everyone had the same thoughts and opinions about everything.The resolution of conflict is at the heart of a successful team. Regardless of the talent or desire of the team to succeed, the Achilles Heel of conflict must be overcome. Be an understanding and informative team member. This is to infer that you must try to understand about the other members of your team. If personal information is available about your team members, read about and correspond with them so members will have a better insight of each other.If the team can correspond openly about concerns or disagreements there will be less individual withdrawal. For an individual or team to be adept at conflict resolution they must first recognize that potential conflicts exist. Once this fact is revealed, it is necessary that the individual or team members acknowledge when a conflict presents itself and work together to determine what the cause of the conflict is and how best to resolve it. Team members should work together to discuss the aspects of the conflict.Each member should offer their own separate suggestions to possibly solve the conflict and return the team back towards the common goal. The team should discuss all suggested possible resolutions and choose one solution by majority rule. Once a way to resolve the conflict has been determined, the solution needs to be implemented, and if necessary rules should be made and followed by all members of the team so the team can be successful. (Engleberg, 2003)Every member should be a custodian of the team success. A team can be made up of two or more members attempting to achieve a common goal. Each individual team member has a responsibility to the success of the defined goal of the team. With this in mind, questions must be articulated to draw out information that will contribute to resolution of the conflict. The following approach, although not fool proof, will provide the individual and the team with the best option for creating team continuity, trust and a good working relationship. Asking questions in a non-confrontational manner will provide for a more responsive team member.Conflict is an inevitable and often an unavoidable aspect of working in a team. If dealt with effectively, however, conflict and disagreements can enhance the individual's appreciation of human diversity. The team should communicate openly and honestly in a non-threatening fashion and focus on the betterment of yourself and the team. If conflict arises be considerate and understanding with the focus on achieving the team's goal with the team and as a team. When working with team we as individuals have to remember that the needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual. When we remember this and act with this point in mind, the team will have a great chance to succeed. If the team wins, you win.ReferencesThompson, L., Aranda, E., & Robbins, S, (2001).Tools for Tea ms: Building effective teams in the workplace Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing.Engleberg, I., Wynn, D, and Schuttler, R (2003) Working in Groups: Communication principles and strategies (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 147Cloke, K and Goldsmith, J. (2000). Resolving Conflict at Work: A Complete Guide for Everyone on the Job. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.Kheel, A. (2001). The Keys to Conflict Resolution: Proven Methods for ResolvingDisputes Voluntarily. Four Walls Eight WindowsBisno, H. (1988). Managing conflict. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Using the Spanish Verb Tocar

Using the Spanish Verb Tocar The core meaning of the Spanish verb tocar is to touch. In fact, both words come from the Latin verb toccare. Common Meaning of Tocar Probably the most common meaning of both tocar and touch is to refer to physical contact between things or persons. Some examples of the word used this way in Spanish: Tocà ³ los dedos de su esposa, flojos y calientes. (He touched his wifes weak and warm fingers.)Cuando el avià ³n tocà ³ tierra los pasajeros aplaudieron. (When the plane touched ground, the passengers applauded.)No tocaron el està ©reo. (They didnt touch the stereo.) This meaning is sometimes figurative: Los ciudadanos son ms pobres y aà ºn no han tocado fondo. (The citizens are poorer, and they still havent hit bottom.)Espera con paciencia su momento para tocar el cielo. (She is waiting patiently for her time to touch to the sky.) As with the English touch, tocar can be used as a euphemism to refer to sexual contact: Él me decà ­a que lo nuestro era platà ³nico, y no me tocaba. (He would tell me that our relationship was platonic, and he didnt touch me.)Desde nià ±a me tocaba, y el repulsivo me ofrecà ­a dinero para que me acostara con à ©l. (Since I was a girl he touched me, and the creep would offer me money to sleep with him.) Using Tocar With Indirect Objects When tocar is used with an indirect object, it can refer to the turn or responsibility of the person who is the indirect object. The exact translation depends on the context:  ¿A quià ©n le toca? (Whose turn is it? Whose job is it?)El mià ©rcoles de esa semana me toca trabajar. (On Wednesday of that week its my responsibility to work.)Nos toca pagar. (Its our turn to pay. Its up to us to pay.) The same can be done when tocar means to affect a person emotionally. In this way, tocar can behave much like the verb gustar. El blues es la mà ºsica que ms me toca el corazà ³n. (Blues is the music that most touches my heart. In this sentence, the direct object is el corazà ³n, while me is functioning as an indirect object.)La actriz digo que la realizacià ³n de este film le tocà ³ emocionalmente. (The actress said that the making of this film touched her emotionally.)Le tocaba el alma la cancià ³n de Navidad. (The Christmas song touched his soul.) Other Meanings of Tocar The other meaning of tocar that is extremely common in Spanish is to play a musical instrument or similar item. For example: La guitarra es uno de los instrumentos ms fciles de aprender a tocar. (The guitar is one of the easiest instruments to learn to play.)Voy a darme un baà ±o y luego tocarà © el piano. (Im going to take a bath and later Ill play the piano.)A la muerte de Susana, se tocaron las campanas de todas las iglesias. (When Susana died, they rang the bells of all the churches.) When referring to someones speaking or writing, tocar can mean to touch on. El presidente no tocà ³ el tema de Irak. (The president didnt touch on the subject of Iraq.)Los Monty Python tocaron todos los gà ©neros del humor. (Monty Python touches on all types of humor.) Tocar can be used so that its subject represents something that is given to someone: Le tocà ³ la loterà ­a. (He won the lottery.)Le ha tocado un tiempo muy difà ­cil. (He had been given a very rough time.) Tocar also is used in some set phrases or idioms: Por lo que a mà ­ me toca (as far as Im concerned) ¡Toca madera! (Touch wood!)Tocar de cerca (to have a close relationship with someone, or to be very familiar with a subject)Tocarle a alguien bailar con la ms fea (to be expected to do something very difficult or disagreeable) Conjugation of Tocar Tocar is conjugated irregularly in spelling but not pronunciation. The c is changed to qu when followed by the e. For example, the first-person preterite form is toquà © (meaning I touched), and the present subjunctive forms follow the pattern of toque, toques, toquemos, etc. Key Takeaways The Spanish verb tocar comes from the same source as the English verb touch and often has that meaning. Among many other meanings, it is also used for to play a musical instrument.When it means to be emotionally touching or to refer to taking turns, tocar is used with an indirect-object pronoun.Tocar is conjugated regularly in terms of pronunciation, but the c of the stem changes to qu when it comes before an e in conjugated forms.

Although the position description Essays

Although the position description Essays Although the position description Paper Although the position description Paper Although the position description was still flawed in many aspects and much can still be improved, the description of the position of the Diet Supervisor in Macquarie University is already incorporated with some aspects of health promotion. The description elucidates that candidates for the position must know how to emphasize the proper diet once they begin to serve the clients of the University hospital. This is essential to the promotion of health because a well-balanced diet that is grounded on information about proper nutrition can really enhance the physical well-being of individuals (Pike 1967, p. 233). Also, the description of the positions gives premium to the amount of knowledge candidates have in terms of clinical matters. This can be seen in the essential criteria for the qualification to the position. Having an experience on clinical services is contributory to the health promotion because the diet supervisor can come into play whenever there are cases of minor diseases among the clients. Lastly, in the desirable criteria for the qualification of candidates, it stated that the diet supervisor must have experiences with nutrition management. The diet supervisor will be the one responsible in arranging the diet of the patients and ensure that they follow a nutritional pattern. This aspect promotes health because it guarantees that the one who will be chosen for the position can be trusted in managing the nutritional diet of patients. He must have a substantial background regarding the nutritional value of foods and what are the food combinations that can supplement one another’s nutritional content. By doing that, they can assure that the patients will be well-nourished as they stay on the hospital. Another aspect where health promotion is evident is in the Continuous Improvement Criteria in the Key Performance section. The second bullet states that the Diet Supervisor must â€Å"participate and contribute to occupational health and safety activities to ensure a safe work environment for clients, community, staff and visitors.† This bullet promotes health because it fosters safety in the working areas for clients, visitors and other people. However, despite these aspects of the position description which already seem to carry the health promotion, it still lags in many aspects, as hinted earlier. The sanitary aspect of health promotion seems to be overlooked in this position description when I feel like it must be recognized. As Bellah asserts, applying specific sanitary measures equates to promoting health (Bellah 1997, p. 55). An environment that is slovenly and filthy is undeniably not healthful. Other details in the description also emphasize the areas where it lags in terms of health promotion. For instance, listed second in their major responsibilities is to â€Å"assist in supervision of kitchen staff.† I see no problem with this second responsibility. However, there seems to be a lack and it can still be extended. In addition to the power of supervision, the diet supervisor must also have a mandate on what the kitchen staff will do and what are the procedures they must undergo. Since the diet supervisor is also responsible for providing the nutrition and dietary support, he must also use this in directing the menu that the kitchen staff will follow. He must maximize his superintendence to the kitchen staff by ensuring that their procedures abide with certain sanitary measures. Obviously, striving for sanitation is another way of promoting health (Bellah 1997 58). In the Personal and Professional Development of the Key Performance criteria, it was listed that the diet supervisor should â€Å"attend all mandatory training sessions provided by the hospital and is actively involved in other training and development as required.† The nature of these training sessions was not clearly specified and delineated. To ensure that these sessions are in line with the health promotion, they must be relevant to the goal of promoting and upholding health standards. In other words, these sessions must improve their knowledge about nutrition, food technology, clinical matters and sanitation – all of which are key components of health promotion. In the Teamwork and Communications Criteria, it was listed that the Diet Supervisor must â€Å"demonstrate an ability to implement recommendations of patient care Review Committee in response to Patients’ suggestions.† The diet supervisor must not only implement recommendations right away. He must also have the sharpness of mind and the readiness to assess and criticize the recommendations being given by the Patient care Review committee. Although this committee definitely has its own internal operations and merits, the Diet Supervisor must also look into the recommendations passed onto him, evaluate them and give suggestions on how they can be improved, if necessary. Since the welfare of the patients is the top priority, all ideas from the most number of people must be maximized to assure that this welfare is well-protected.